• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.34 no.4 s.117
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• pp.84-95
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• 2006

This study begins by examining the reason for the lack of urban planning that takes the water cycle into consideration. While there are institutions that support environmentally friendly development or smooth water circulation, these designs are not reflected in planning nor in the real world. After reviewing foreign case studies, policy suggestions and possible policy implications for Korea are derived. In Korea, there is not a sufficient level of relevant laws or institutions systematically established to make it possible to deal with rainwater in a decentralized way. Instead, facility standards or guidelines are considered separately for the control of water and for preventing natural disasters. And even though an environmentally friendly approach is stipulated in relevant laws in terms of spatial planning, there are no planning systems or implementation tools to actualize this kind of approach. The factors that make decentralized rainwater management possible in urban planning are analyzed based on the case study of Germany. Germany requires developers to plan in order to achieve ecological urban development. In addition, as a detailed implementation tool to promote conservation of the water cycle, the law provides for various kinds of measures such as restrictions on the proportion of impervious surface area according to the use of the land, required compensation measures for environmental degradation following development, introduction of a fee for rainwater runoff and the establishment of ecological landscape planning. The actual reason these measures can be implemented however is the provision of planning guidelines and design criteria for rainwater utilization, absorption and containment, and the construction of a database for various environmental information.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.197-205
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• 2010

Recent years have witnessed increasing interest in wetland constructions in Korea as a flood control measure during the flood season and for consideration of the ecology during the non-flood season. In this study, hydraulic and hydrologic analyses were performed on a wetland construction plan for use as an alternative sustainable flood defense during the flood season, as well as a wetland that can protect the ecosystem during the non-flood season. The study area was the basin of the Topyeong-cheon stream, which is a tributary of the Nakdong River, including the Upo wetland, which is registered in the Ramsar Convention and the largest inland wetland in Korea. Wetlands were to be constructed at upstream and downstream of the Upo wetland by considering and analyzing seven scenarios for their constructions to investigate the effect of flood control during the flood season; it was found the best scenario reduced the flood level by 0.56 m. To evaluate the usefulness of the constructed wetlands during the non flood season, the water balance in the wetlands was analyzed, with the best scenario found to maintain a minimum water level of 1.3 m throughout the year. Therefore, the constructed wetlands could provide an alternative measure for flood prevention as well as an ecosystem for biodiversity.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.37 no.8
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• pp.631-641
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• 2004

The objective of this study is to test the applicability of SLURP (Semi-distributed Land Use-based Runoff Process) on Soyanggang-dam watershed. SLURP model is a conceptual semi-distributed form model that can be used to examine irrigation plan and the effects of proposed changes in water management within a basin or to see what effects external factors such as climate change or changing land cover might have on various water users. Topographical parameters were derived from DEM using TOPAZ and SLURPAZ. Monthly NDVIs were calculated from multi-temporal NOAA/AVHRR images during four years (1998 ∼ 2001). Weather elements (dew-point temperature, solar radiation, maximum/minimum temperature and relative humidify) were obtained from five meteorological stations within and near the study area. To simulate daily hydrograph during 1998 ∼ 2001, the model parameters of each land cover class were optimized by sensitivity analysis and SCE-UA method. Test result of SLURP was summarized by various statistics method (WMO volume error, Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency, mean error and coefficient of variation).

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.153-159
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• 2016

Gwangyang traffic safety designated area is composed of 3 fairways (Deep water fairway, inbound fairway, and outbound fairway). However, inbound vessels can't use this passage because of Samyeo rock and artificial fishing banks in inbound route. The problem with the rocks and artificial fishing banks has been raised by ship navigators and authorities of the port. This research is about the safety evaluation and management plan of the passage, and we conducted maritime traffic simulation using a model based on a ship operator risks. As a result, assuming that future marine traffic volume is the same as the present, and if the ship operators use 3 fairways and not two, it showed risk reduction of 46.4 % (vessels over 50,000 DWT using DW route) and 57.1 % (vessels over 10,000 DWT using DW route). Also, in a traffic volume condition which is the same as the present, to induce vessels over 50,000 DWT to use DW route is effective in mitigating of risks. Meanwhile, in a condition which increased the traffic volume by 150 %, it is more effective to induce vessels to use DW route. This research is the result of analysis using the model based on ship operator risks, and not cost-effectiveness analysis on the removal of Samyeo rock and artifical fishing banks. This research is expected to be used on setting up the sea route and management plan (particularly, restriction on passing DW route).

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.463-476
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• 2014

The riverine wetlands located in the riverside bring about social conflicts through confrontation between flood control value through flood control project and ecological preservation value of riverine wetland. In this study, we identified the importance of both values through analysis of economic feasibility of flood control and ecological values of riverine wetland, and tried to suggest management plans for riverine wetland considering both of flood control safety and ecological preservation through these results. For this, we calculated the expected annual flood damage of Imjin River using the multi-dimensional flood damage analysis(MD-FDA), and calculated the total value of riverine wetland using the contingent valuation method(CVM) to estimate preservation value of riverine wetland. The result of the analysis shows that the Imjin River needs flood control project and the ecological preservation of riverine wetland is also important. Therefore, the establishment of the management plan for protecting riverine wetland is also needed. As a result, the Imjin riverine wetland was classified as the area where sedimentation continues to take place, and the flood water level to rise. On the basis of the analyzed results, it is judged that the Imjin River needs flood control for public safety and ecological consideration for ecosystem preservation in the river improvement project. So, the stepwise river improvement is desirable to protect riverine wetland and minimize ecosystem disturbance. The results is expected to be made good use as the basic study for establishment of institutional river management plans considering flood control project and riverine wetland preservation in the future.

• Proceedings of The Korean Society of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology Conference
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• 2013.11a
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• pp.30-31
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• 2013

Land use and land cover change (LULCC) due to human activities directly affects natural systems and contributes to changes in carbon exchange and climate through a range of feedbacks. How land use and land cover changes affect carbon exchanges can be assessed using multiyear measurement data from micrometeorological flux towers. The objective of the research is to assess the impact of land use and land cover change on carbon exchange in a heterogeneous cropland area. The heterogeneous cropland area in Haenam, South Korea is also subjected to a land conversion due to rural development. Therefore, the impact of the change in land utilization in this area on carbon exchange should be assessed to monitor the cycle of energy, water, and carbon dioxide between this key agricultural ecosystem and the atmosphere. We are currently conducting the research based on 10 years flux measurement data from Haenam Koflux site and examining the LULCC patterns in the same temporal scale to evaluate whether the LULCC in the surrounding site and the resulting heterogeneity (or diversity) have a significant impact on carbon exchange. Haenam cropland is located near the southwestern coast of the Korean Peninsula with land cover types consisting of scattered rice paddies and various croplands (seasonally cultivated crops). The LULCC will be identified and quantified using remote sensing satellite data and then analyzing the relationships between LULCC and flux footprint of $CO_2$ from tower flux measurement. We plan to calculate annual flux footprint climatology map from 2003 to 2012 from the 10 years flux observation database. Eventually, these results will be used to quantify how the system's effective performance and reserve capacity contribute to moving the system towards more sustainable configuration. Broader significance of this research is to understand the co-evolution of the Haenam agricultural ecosystem and its societal counterpart which are assumed to be self-organizing hierarchical open systems.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.70-78
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• 2002

The landscape disign of Gamcheon wholesale fish Market was designed around a turnkey base to promote the economy of Busan Metropolitan City, to establish a fishery marketing center and to modernize existing facilities. The objectives of the project were to promote the mood of an old market, while preserving its functions and efficiency as a market, to design outdoor spaces with natural resources and amenities in balance, and to create attractive tourist spots in connection with the wide area development plan. The project was oriented, fast, to enhance the functions of the market. For this purpose, a multi-dimensional space layout was designed in consideration of functions as a wholesale market. The safety of pedestrians was secured by separating lathes for vehicles and for pedestrians. Tree planting with various functions such as sheltering, wind breaking and guiding was planned. Secondly, nature-friendly and human-friendly landscaping design was attempted. For this, the beautiful natural resources of Amnam Park were utilized, and green spaces such as green bridges linking buildings in the wholesale market, and rooftop gardens were to be arranged. In addition, environment-friendly facilities such as roads paved with natural materials(i.e. gravel, shells) and program parking lots were to be planned. Thirdly, landscape design was considered to create attractive tourist spots. For example, a fish farm was created as a theme street for pedestrians and various water-friendly spaces such as pedestrian ramps, observatories and seaside streets were to be secured. The main contents are as follows. First, a green bridge to Ahnnam Park was introduced for a tour source and flower garden, an event plan and viewing deck open to the sea were planned on the bridge's axis. Secondly, for the effective land use plan concerning open space and convenience to visitors, a promenade was planned, which is connected with the theme plaza and small plazas by environmental sculptures in front of the market hall and at the gate. As well, an observatory and a roof garden help create three dimensional multi leveled space, with a good view of the natural landscape of the sea, sky and park Thirdly, landscape materials, such as trees and those for facilities, strengthened for protection against the seawind and salt damage were selected. The commercial market area was intended to be transformed a traditional functional area of efficiency and economy into an attractive marine leisure area where both tourists and neighbors can make use of it.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.71-90
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• 2007

To induce container cargos to Gunsan port, we should struggle on securing the quantity of goods transported from the competitive Jeonbuk and Chungcheong areas by reducing transportation expenses by land, and make an activating plan for the international exchange between Gunsan port and nearby ports in China. As a result, if the plan to induce container cargos to Gunsan port is activated, the regular liners will stop at Gusan port. So the new sea route will be opened so that consignors can ship cargos in the proper time. The consignors will use Gunsan port frequently because of the reduction of distribution expenses. To do so, for the first, many incentives should be implemented to attract container cargos. In addition, various facilities should be fully equipped and improved. This paper is to improve the problems for which consignors, the shipping lines and forwarders may feel uncomfortable when they use Gunsan port. According to the research on the actual condition, the biggest problem in Gunsan port is the depth of water. The management, relation system, infrastructure and information system of Gunsan port are also insufficient. Therefore, this paper will make an alternative plan to improve these problems and help the container cargos induce to Gunsan port.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.1-11
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• 2012

This study focused on establishing a natural rainwater circulation system using rainwater meant for relatively large urban development projects such as a new town development. In particular, when the location selection techniques for individual elements of a natural rainwater circulation system are developed for the integrated rainwater management, changes in hydrological environment will be minimized and the natural water circulation would be restored to realize the low impact development (LID). In that case, not only the excess will be reduced but water space and green areas in a city would also increase to improve the urban sustainability. First of all, there were five elements selected for the location selection of a rainwater circulation system intended for the integrated rainwater management: rainwater collection, infiltration, filtration, retention and movement spaces. After generating these items, the location selection items and criteria were defined for each of the five elements. For a technique to apply the generated evaluation items and criteria, a grid cell analysis was conducted based m the suitability index theory, and thematic maps were overlapped through suitability assessment of each element and graded based on the suitability index. The priority areas were identified for each element. The developed technique was applied to a site where Gim-cheon Innovation City development is planned to review its feasibility and limitations. The combined score of the overlapped map for each element was separated into five levels: very low, low, moderate, high and very high. Finally, it was concluded that creating a rainwater circulation system conceptual map m the current land use plan based on the outcome of the application would be useful in building a water circulation system at the de1ailed space planning stage after environmental and ecological planning. Furthermore, we use the results of this study as a means for environment-friendly urban planning for sustainable urban development.

• Journal of Korean Society of Disaster and Security
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.25-39
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• 2020

Despite the global promotion of Smart City, there is currently no standard for smart water grid development, and it is not possible to judge the success of Smart City. There is a clear need to establish the requirements and goals of the Smart Water Grid and accurately diagnose and improve the limitations and problems of the existing Smart Water Grid. For this purpose, it is very important to use the index suitable for Smart Water Grid goals. In this study, we developed Smart Water Grid Index which can be used to evaluate the target measurement and attainment of Smart Water Grid and can be utilized based on the implementation plan for Smart Water Grid in the future. Through the development of the Smart Water Grid Key Performance Index (SWG KPI), we will lay the groundwork for continuous capacity evaluation of the Smart Water Grid and improve the reliability of the Index. It is expected that it will be possible to prepare and evaluate a Challenge Evaluation Card for the planned Smart Water Grid by providing an evaluation table for grid competency evaluation.