• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.79-102
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• 2003

It has been believed that the human body can be effected by color, sound, smell, and taste - each of them is based on the original character. Out of these elements, the color can be a mediation that absorbs energy into human body and adapts it to the creatures whose life are definitely based on the solar energy. This thesis makes a study of the possibility of applying the color to the oriental medical science by researching the color psychology and therapy which are studied in the west medical science, the recognition and application of color developed from orientalism, and the opinion of color in the oriental medical science. Color therapy is one of the psychological treatment techniques that are able to recover and maintain the health with the rays of the sun rays and the color. The light and the color have its energy that may relax, harmonize, encourage, or excite a human being. This is because the wavelength and the vibration of each color will take effects to human body. The core energy of absorbing and distributing the color vibration is made in the 7 "chakras" in the body, which are the pith and marrow of bio-energy directly connected with the center of the nervous system. There are several methods in the color therapy - the treatment of solar ray, the color-bath, the water-therapy using color energy, the inducement of the solar energy into the body, the acupuncture, the therapy of crystal and jewel, and the self-suggestion dependent upon the color. The color therapy can help us to keep our balance by changing the emotion into the positive energy that will cure the disease with color. As a result, this method not only must be useful to cure physical disease, or develop into good health but also will be used in conforming itself to the mental disease. The color therapy mainly uses the eight colors, which are made by mixing Red, Yellow and Blue basic colors in the field. They are never used in the treatment, but they will go along with complementary colors. This rule is closely connected with the theory of yin and yang which lies at the root of oriental philosophy, and with the treatment principle of oriental medical science whose field is focused on the balancing the body mentally as well as physically. In the East, it is the Obangsaek - the color of blue, red, yellow, white, and black in the theory of yin and yang and the five elements that have been used in helping people having trouble with their health for a long time. In the view of the oriental medical science, these five colors attached the theory of five-elements have been very useful to the physiology, the pathology, or the diagnosis, and been applied to the medical treatment, combining themselves with a five-taste in medicinal herbs. Since the study of color and human physiology has been made in some different interest and fields these days, it goes to prove that the different function of color we couldn't have got before becomes very useful to the medical science. The color must be worth researching the diversity for applying itself to the oriental medical science.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.101-108
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• 2012

In 2006, pinewood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, was isolated from about 50 years old trees of Pinus densiflora and P. koraiensis showing leaf-wilt and -drying symptoms in Gwangju, Gyeonggi-do and Chuncheon, Gangwon-do. Isolation of pinewood nematodes from sapwood of infected pine trees showed no difference in population density between tree species and among the sampling heights on the main stem. Migration of pinewood nematodes in the host tree were investigated by inoculation of red pine (P. densiflora, 3 years old) seedlings with B. xylophilus. The nematodes seemed to move in red pine seedlings prior to multiplication and it might have taken about 20 days to start multiplication and expression of symptoms including wilt and dieback. In initial time after inoculation, nematodes started migration through the cortical resin canal from inoculated site and further showed upward and downward movements. More nematodes were observed in cortical resin canal during early period of inoculation and later in resin canal of xylem and tracheid also while, the pith still remained free from nematode. The density of B. xylophilus was higher in seedlings of low-vigor with poor root growth than in seedlings of normal root growth. Seedlings showing high density of B. xylophilus exhibited stem discoloration and secondary infection by fungus at the inoculation site.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.531-536
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• 2009

Radial variations of ray spacing and frequency of biseriate ray were examined in the woods of most commercially important Korean softwood species of Pinus koraiensis and Larix kaempferi. Ray spacing, or ray number per mm in cross section, averaged 4.6 and 9.0 in Pinus koraiensis and Larix kaempferi, respectively. Thus, rays of Larix kaempferi appeared to be more closely arranged than those of Pinus koraiensis. Ray spacing was the densest around pith, and then slowly decreased toward bark. In tangential section, biseriate ray frequency of Larix kaempferi was higher than that of Pinus koraiensis. Biseriate ray was designated, based on the number of cells of biseriate portion in vertical extent, as the type of B+1 (one cell high), B+2 (two cells high), and so on. The dominated type was B+1 in Pinus koraiensis but B+2 in Larix kaempferi. The biseriate ray types of B+3, B+4, and B+5 were occasionally found in earlywood. Interestingly, even B+6 and B+7 types were observed in Larix kaempferi. In conclusion, it was considered that ray spacing could be used for separating juvenile wood from adult wood. Also, characteristics of ray spacing and biseriate ray might be used for identifying these two species.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.652-656
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• 2018

In this study, effects of the reaction pressure were studied for petroleum-based pitch synthesis. A two-stage reaction process was performed based on different reaction pressure conditions. Each stage experiments for the two-stage reaction were consecutively carried out. The first stage was consisted of three different pressure conditions; high (10 bar), normal and low (0.1 bar). And the second stage was carried out at the normal and low (0.1 bar) pressure. The pitch synthesis was realized at $400^{\circ}C$ for 2 h. Thermal properties and molecular weight distributions of each samples were investigated by analyzing the softening point and MALDI-TOF data. Volatilized components during the pith synthesis were measured by GC-SIMDIS. In case of the first-step reaction with the high pressure condition, the low molecular weight component participated to the pitch formation more effectively and the pitch with the low softening point was obtained. However, for the case of the first-step with the low pressure, the low molecular weight component was vent outside and the partial coke formation occurred. Eventually, pitch properties such as the softening point and yield were controlled effectively by changing the pressure in the pitch synthesis reaction.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.143-151
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• 2021

Background: Plants are able to optimize defense responses induced by various herbivores, which have different feeding strategies. Local and systemic responses within a plant after herbivory are essential to modulate herbivore-specific plant responses. For instance, leaf-chewing herbivores elicit jasmonic acid signaling, which result in the inductions of toxic chemicals in the attacked leaf (tissue-specific responses) and also in the other unattacked parts of the plant (systemic responses). Root herbivory induces toxic metabolites in the attacked root and alters the levels of transcripts and metabolites in the unattacked shoot. However, we have little knowledge of the local and systemic responses against stem-boring herbivores. In this study, we examined the systemic changes in metabolites in the wild tobacco Nicotiana attenuata, when the stem-boring herbivore Trichobaris mucorea attacks. Results: To investigate the systemic responses of T. mucorea attacks, we measured the levels of jasmonic acid (JA), JA-dependent secondary metabolites, soluble sugars, and free amino acids in 7 distinct tissues of N. attenuata: leaf lamina with epidermis (LLE), leaf midrib (LM), stem epidermis (SE), stem pith (SP), stem vascular bundle (SV), root cortex with epidermis (RCE), and root vascular bundle (RV). The levels of JA were increased in all root tissues and in LM by T. mucorea attacks. The levels of chlorogenic acids (CGAs) and nicotine were increased in all stem tissues by T. mucorea. However, CGA was systematically induced in LM, and nicotine was systematically induced in LM and RCE. We further tested the resource allocation by measuring soluble sugars and free amino acids in plant tissues. T. mucorea attacks increased the level of free amino acids in all tissues except in LLE. The levels of soluble sugars were significantly decreased in SE and SP, but increased in RV. Conclusions: The results reveal that plants have local- and systemic-specific responses in response to attack from a stem-boring herbivore. Interestingly, the level of induced secondary metabolites was not consistent with the systemic inductions of JA. Spatiotemporal resolution of plant defense responses against stem herbivory will be required to understand how a plant copes with attack from herbivores from different feeding guilds.

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.155-163
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• 2009

In text-to-speech systems, the conversion of text into prosodic parameters is necessarily composed of three steps. These are the placement of prosodic boundaries. the determination of segmental durations, and the specification of fundamental frequency contours. Prosodic boundaries. as the most important and basic parameter. affect the estimation of durations and fundamental frequency. Break prediction is an important step in text-to-speech systems as break indices (BIs) have a great influence on how to correctly represent prosodic phrase boundaries, However. an accurate prediction is difficult since BIs are often chosen according to the meaning of a sentence or the reading style of the speaker. In Japanese, the prediction of an accentual phrase boundary (APB) and major phrase boundary (MPB) is particularly difficult. Thus, this paper presents a method to complement the prediction errors of an APB and MPB. First, we define a subtle BI in which it is difficult to decide between an APB and MPB clearly as a variable break (VB), and an explicit BI as a fixed break (FB). The VB is chosen using the classification and regression tree, and multiple prosodic targets in relation to the pith and duration are then generated. Finally. unit-selection is conducted using multiple prosodic targets. In the MOS test result. the original speech scored a 4,99. while proposed method scored a 4.25 and conventional method scored a 4.01. The experimental results show that the proposed method improves the naturalness of synthesized speech.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.33-38
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• 1972

This study was carried out to investigate on the variation of wood fiber dimensions of some oakwoods. Every 2 annual ring was selected for specimens from pith toward bark up to 28th annual ring on 3 species of Oak SINGALNAMOO(Quercus mongorica Fisch.), JOLCHAMNAMOO(Quercus serrata Thunb.) and KULCHAMNAMOO(Quercus variabilis Blume) which grew in Mt. Jiri. The investgated results are as follows: 1. Values of wood fiber lengths increase rapidly up to 16th annual ring, however, considerably stable at the rear part. Range of wood fiber length variations: Species Range of length(mean) CV SINGALNAMOO, $640{\sim}1,544{\mu}$($1,142.3{\mu}$), 8~16% JOLCHAMNAMOO, $592{\sim}1,600{\mu}$($1,179.6{\mu}$), 6~21% KULCHAMNAMOO, $679{\sim}1,592{\mu}$($1,298.9{\mu}$), 2~15% 2. The increment of wood fiber width and thickness by annual rings shows quite inactive contrary to the length. Range of wood fiber width: $7.6{\sim}10.0{\mu}$(mean $9.3{\mu}$) Range of wood fiber thickness: $2.0{\sim}3.2{\mu}$(mean $2.6{\mu}$) 3. There was no significance between species through their wood fiber lengths. 4. And these wood fibers believed to be valuable for pulp-wood through their fiber bonding ratio, Runkel ratio and flexibility coefficient.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.23-32
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• 2008

Anatomical and physical characteristics of seven cultivars of chestnut wood (Castanea crenata Sieb. et Zucc.), Tanzawa, Ibuki, Mansung, Arima, Ginyose, Tsukuba, and Riheiguri, were investigated to obtain some valuable information for their possibilities to be used for high quality furnitures and woodcrafts. Solitary pore and figured-porous or ring-porous wood types were observed in wide growth rings, and ring-porous in narrow growth rings. Procumbent type was prevalent in ray cells although upright and square types were scarcely existed. Uniseriate, biseriate, and multiseriate rays were observed in tangential section. Uniseriate ray was abundant near the pith, and biseriate and multiseriate rays were frequently existed near the bark. The occurrence rate of biseriate and multiseriate rays was significantly high in Tanzawa, Ibuki, Mansung and Tsukuba, but was somewhat low in Arima, Ginyose and Riheiguri. The inner region showed larger vessel diameter, more vessel number, fewer ray number and higher ray height than the outer region. Growth-ring width in inner region was larger than that in outer region. Growth-rings in inner region of Mansung and Arima were wide while that of Ibuki was narrow. Outer region in all cultivars showed higher latewood percentage than inner region. Especially, Mansung and Tsukuba showed significantly high latewood percentage in their outer region. Green moisture content and density of heartwood were higher than those of sapwood. Tsukuba and Riheiguri had higher green moisture content, and Ibuki and Riheiguri had higher green density than the other chestnut cultivars.

• Journal of KIISE:Computer Systems and Theory
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• v.34 no.11
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• pp.545-561
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• 2007

Location management and message delivery protocol is fundamental to the further development of mobile agent systems in a multi-region mobile agent computing environment in order to control mobile agents and guarantee message delivery between them. However, previous works have some problems when they are applied to a multi-region mobile agent computing environment. First, the cost of location management and message delivery is increased relatively. Second, a tracking problem arises. finally, cloned mobile agents and parent-child mobile agents do not get dealt with respect to location management and message delivery. In this paper, we present a HB (Home-Blackboard) protocol, which is a new location management and message delivery protocol in a multi-region mobile agent computing environment. The HB protocol places a region server in each region and manages the location of mobile agents by using intra-region migration and inter-region migration. It also places a blackboard in each region server and delivers messages to mobile agents when a region server receives location update form them. The HB protocol can decrease the cost of location update and message passing and solve the tracking problem with low communication cost. Also, this protocol deals with the location management and message passing of cloned mobile agents and parent-child mobile agents, so that it can guarantee message delivery of these mobile agents and pass messages without passing duplicate messages.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.25-44
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• 1974

In the present paper I described the results of the observations made on the visual characteristics such as the annual ring width and summerwood percentage of Pinus koraiensis Sieb. et Zucc. grown at out university forest. The results of the study are as follows: Characteristics of annual ring width and summerwood percentage 1. The range of dispersion of annual ring width and summerwood percentage are respectively 0.5-6.5mm and 5-50% on the normal wood and its arithmetic mean values are each 3.0mm and 24% on all sample trees. 2. The values of annual ring width of heart wood are larger than that of sapwood but on the contrary the values of summerwood percentage of heartwood are smaller than that of sapwood. On the other hand variations of these values are distingushed on the heartwood. 3. The values of annual ring width due to the parts of stem with crown. with clear length and at bottom showed that the largest values are given at the parts of stem with crown. But on the contrary the summerwood percentage values are largest at the parts of stem at bottom on all sample trees. 4. The values of annual ring width and summerwood percentage depending on the stand sides are not obvious. Horizontal and vertical variations of annual ring width and summerwood percentage 5. It was recognized that horizontal (radial direction) variations of annual ring width and summerwood percentage indicated two different patterns (the region of large fluctuation and that of small fluctuation) in a tree stem. These boundaries are seemed to appear at the parts of 12-15 annual rings from pith. 6. According to the increase of height in tree the values of annual ring width increase but the values of summerwood percentage gradually decrease. 7. But vertical variations of annual ring width and summerwood percentage on the sapwood are divided into two different parts (region of increased or decreased upwards and that of remained constant in successive height) in a tree stem and these limits are seemed to appear at the 7m of height in trees. Relations between annual ring width and summerwood percentage 8. The modes of summerwood percentage related with annual ring width are seemed to appear almost in the definite range (10-25%). 9. The relations between annual ring width and summerwood percentage show a highly negatine correlation on all sample trees.