• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.59 no.1
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• pp.19-23
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• 2016

A phenol substance was extracted from Pinus koraiensis Siebold et Zucc leaf extracts and its biological efficacy was measured. The highest content of the phenol substance contained in Pinus koraiensis Siebold et Zucc leaves was 13.5 mg/g, which was obtained when it was extracted with 80% ethanol. At a concentration of 200 mg/mL, the phenolic substances extracted with 80% ethanol and water showed antimicrobial activities against Helicobacter pylori, producing clear zones of 10 and 12 mm diameter, respectively. Pinus koraiensis Siebold et Zucc. leaf extracts were separated using a Sephadex LH-20 column and 4 fractions were obtained (fractions A-D). Fractions C and D showed the greatest inhibitory activity against Helicobacter pylori producing 10.1 and 12.3 mm clear zones, respectively. These two fractions were purified using a Sephadex LH-20 and MCI-gel column ($H_2O{\rightarrow}100%$ ethanol). Purified compounds A and B were identified as syringic acid and compound C was identified as p-coumaric acid based on $^1H$-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), $^{13}C$-NMR, and fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry spectra. When two or more purified compounds were mixed, a synergistic effect of anti-Helicobacter pylori activity was evident. This result indicates that extracts of Pinus koraiensis Siebold et Zucc leaves could be considered a functional food because of their high antimicrobial properties.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.51-56
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• 2016

Diverse endophytic fungi were isolated from surface-sterilized leaves of three species of conifers inhabiting various sites in Korea: Abies nephrolepis, Pinus koraiensis and Taxus cuspidate. The isolates were identified based on morphological characteristics and sequences analysis of both internal transcribed spacer and large subunit regions of rDNA. In this paper, we report on five previously unreported species of endophytic fungi isolated from conifers: Biscogniauxia maritime, Nemania diffusa, Pezicula carpinea, Phomopsis juglandina and Sydowia polyspora.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.602-612
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• 2017

This study was performed to verify various effects of 70% ethanol extract and distilled water extract of pine leaf such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, skin-lightening effects analysis in cells. The result of antioxidant experiment showed that polyphenol content increased concentration dependently in polyphenol and flavonoid effects. The total content of polyphenols and flavonoids was much higher in ethanol extract than water extract. In all the cells of B16F10, RAW264.7 cytotoxicity at each concentration level didn't appear. The result of measuring NO production inhibition showed that it inhibited NO production led to LPS effectively, so anti-inflammatory activity was confirmed. The result of measuring melanin biosynthesis inhibition showed that there was considerably reduction effect, but it performed western blot, and as a result of MITF, Tyrosinase protein revelation, the inhibition of MITF, Tyrosinase revelation was confirmed concentration dependently, Therefore, in this study pine leaf extract was expected to be used as a cosmetic ingredient.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.47-58
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• 2011

The forest of Korea had been severely degraded since early 1900s until 1950s. Korean Government has successfully accomplished the reforestation works since 1960s. However, some plantations showed poor survival and growth caused by ignoring site characteristics in selecting plantation species and lack of tending works such as thinning. The natural regeneration of indigenous species, such as Quercus species and Pinus densiflora Siebold & Zucc., were examined in the plantations of Pinus koraiensis Siebold & Zucc. and Larix kaempferi Fortune ex Gordon. Quercus species regenerated mainly by sprouting while P. densiflora regenerated naturally from a few mother trees that remained in the plantations. P. koraiensis showed poor survival ($IVI{\leq}25%$) and suppressed growth (height ${\leq}3m$ and $DBH{\leq}3cm$ at 20 year-old) by Quercus species or P. densiflora in the plantation areas, however had high survival ($IVI{\geq}70%$) and growth (8 m height and 14.1 cm DBH at 20 year-old) in areas where silvicultural practices were conducted. L. kaempferi showed good survival ($IVI{\geq}40%$) and growth (17.2 m height and 16.3 cm DBH at 30 year-old) mostly in valley areas, while it was nearly dead ($IVI{\leq}10%$) in ridge or ridge-slope areas and was replaced by indigenous species such as Quercus species ($IVI{\geq}25{\sim}55%$) or P. densiflora ($IVI{\geq}18{\sim}50%$).

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.112 no.2
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• pp.258-266
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• 2023

Pine wilt disease is caused by the pine wood nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) and has killed many pine trees in Europe and Northeast Asia, including South Korea. Resistance to pine wilt disease varies among species. Previous studies were mostly conducted in nature or greenhouses and only a few in test fields. In this study, seedlings of six pine species (Pinus thunbergii, P. koraiensis, P. densiflora, P. parviflora, P. rigida × P. taeda, and P. strobus) were artificially inoculated by pine wood nematodes in the test field. The Wilt Index was measured every 2 weeks after inoculation in addition to the mortality rate, detection rate, and pine wood nematode concentration measurement after 24 weeks. The pine wilt disease mortality rates were P. thunbergii (80%), P. koraiensis (77.8%), P. densiflora (62.5%), and P. parviflora (22.0%), and both P. rigida × P. taeda and P. strobus survived. The pine nematode detection rates were the same among the species except for P. rigida × P. taeda pine (22.2%). High Wilt-Index values were obtained for P. thunbergii, P. koraiensis, and P. densiflora, which had mortality rates higher than the other species. Furthermore, there were no significant differences in the Wilt Indexes between P. parviflora, P. rigida × P. taeda, P. strobus, and the control group. Statistically, P. thunbergii and P. koraiensis showed high susceptibility to pine wilt disease, P. densiflora and P. parviflora showed moderate susceptibility, and P. rigida × P. taeda and P. strobus showed apparent resistance. These results provide basic data for pine wood nematode resistance breeding or as evidence of the need for afforestation of P. rigida × P. taeda and P. strobus.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.257-267
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• 2012

In this study, the method for heat treating wood using superheated steam (SHS) was designed and applied. The physical and mechanical properties of Korean Pine (Pinus koraiensis Siebold & Zucc.) lumber heat-treated by SHS at $170^{\circ}C$ and 0.4 MPa for 10 hours were compared with those of non-treated and normal heat-treated wood. The amount of adsorbed water and equilibrium moisture content of the SHS treated wood were lower than non-treated wood. On the other hand the compressive strength parallel to grain and the bending strength of SHS treated wood were higher than those of non-treated wood. The hygroscopicity of SHS treated wood was similar to normal heat treated wood at $220^{\circ}C$. Internal checks that often occur during normal heat treatment were not developed at SHS treatment. Also, SHS treatment are effective in control of internal checks occurrence and resin exudation.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.97 no.2
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• pp.156-164
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• 2008

Recognizing the importance of the multi-purpose management of natural deciduous forest, this study was carried out to implement the partial cutting for stand regulation to examine agroforestry practice as well as other concurrent forest resource production, and to investigate the changes in stand characteristics and understory vegetation in a silvopasture practiced natural deciduous stand in the Research Forest of Kangwon National University, Korea. Three different partial cutting intensities (68.1%, 48.6%, and control) were performed in the unmanaged natural deciduous stand in order to improve the growing condition, especially light condition, for introducing some commercial herbaceous plants on the forest floor to establish agroforestry and/or silvopastoral system. Dominated by Quercus varibilis Blume (50.5%) and Quercus dentata Thum. ex Murray (42.6%), eight tree species were composed of the study forest, including poles of Pinus desiflora Siebold & Zucc and sapling of Pinus Koraiensis Siebold & Zucc. The total of 87 (13 tree species, 12 shrub species, 58 herbaceous species, and 4 woody climbers) vascular plant species were observed in study site after partial cutting treatments, while that of before partial cutting was 53 species (14 tree species, 8 shrubs species, 30 herbaceous species, and 1 woody climbers). The proportion of life form spectra in plot B was Mi (28.4%)-Na (23.0%)-Ge (17.5%)-Ch (10.8%)-He (9.5%)-MM (6.7%)-Th (4.1%). No statistically significant differences were observed in changes of life form spectra from before to after partial cutting treatment and among partial cutting gradients in this study. Partial cutting and scratching for forage sowing made plants invade easily on the forest floor, and light partial cutting (LPC) plot (500 stems/ha) had much higher number of undersory species than those of heavy partial cutting (HPC) plot (310 stems/ha) and control plot (1,270 stems/ha).

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.45-62
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• 2020

This study is to present the basic data for the conservation and management of natural resources of National Park by understanding the ecological characteristics of special protected areas located in Tohamsan District, Gyeongju National Park, South Korea. The numbers of vascular plants were summarized as 106 taxa including 47 families, 79 genera, 96 species, 1 subspecies, 7 varieties and 2 forms. For status by sites, there were 59, 50 and 55 taxa in A area(Pedicularis ishidoyana), B area(Millettia japonica) and C area(Cypripedium macranthos), respectively. In the dominant species, the tree layer was Quercus serrata(A area), Platycarya strobilacea and Pinus koraiensis(B area) and Fraxinus rhynchophylla(C area), the subtree layer was Carpinus cordata and Quercus serrata(A area), Pinus koraiensis and Castanea crenata(B area) and Fraxinus rhynchophylla(C area), the 1^st shrub layer was Toxicodendron trichocarpum and Rhododendron schlippenbachii(A area), Lindera erythrocarpa and Styrax japonicus(B area) and Fraxinus rhynchophylla and Lindera erythrocarpa(C area), 2^nd shrub layer was Styrax obassis and Lespedeza maximowiczii(A area), Lespedeza maximowiczii and Rhododendron mucronulatum(B area) and Lindera erythrocarpa(C area), the herbaceous layer was Athyrium yokoscense, Dryopteris chinensis, Dryopteris lacera and Lindera obtusiloba(A area), Athyrium yokoscense, Millettia japonica, Carex humilis Leyss. var. nana and Carex ciliato-marginata(B area) and Hydrangea macrophylla (Thunb.) Ser. subsp. serrata, Ajuga spectabilis and Oplismenus undulatifolius(C area).

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.41-55
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to present the basic data for conservation and management of traditional landscape and ecological environment by surveying and analysing the vascular plants distributed in Gwnagneung, a royal tomb of the Joseon Dynasty. The results are as follows. The numbers of vascular plants were summarized as 446 taxa including 97 families, 274 genera, 384 species, 4 subspecies, 49 varieties and 9 forms. The planting species were 34 taxa including Ginkgo biloba L., Pinus koraiensis Siebold ＆ Zucc., Taxus cuspidata Siebold ＆ Zucc. and so forth. Exotic species such as Pterocarya stenoptera DC. and Magnolia obovata Thunb. need to be remove for traditional landscape management. The rare plants were 7 taxa including 2 taxa of CR(critically endangered), 2 taxa of VU(vulnerable) and 3 taxa of LC(least concerned). The Korean endemic plants were 8 taxa including Pseudostellaria coreana (Nakai) Ohwi, Chrysosplenium pilosum var. fulvum (N.Terracc.) Hara, Philadelphus schrenkii Rupr., Indigofera koreana Ohwi, Paulownia coreana Uyeki(planting), Weigela subsessilis (Nakai) L.H.Bailey, Aster koraiensis Nakai(planting) and Hosta minor (Baker) Nakai(planting). The specific plants by floristic region were 45 taxa including 2 taxa of grade V, 12 taxa of grade III, 9 taxa of grade II and 22 taxa of grade I. The naturalized plants were 25 taxa including Fallopia dumetorum (L.) Holub, Chenopodium ficifolium Smith, Amorpha fruticosa L., Galinsoga ciliata (Raf.) S.F.Blake and so forth. The target plants adaptable to climate change were 9 taxa including 1 taxon of endemic plant and 8 taxa of northern plants.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.248-270
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to collect the raw data for conservation of plant ecosystem by surveying and analysing the flora of Mt. Geumgok located in Gyeongju-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea. The flora were summarized as 453 taxa including 91 families, 298 genera, 397 species, 4 subspecies, 46 varieties and 6 forms. The rare plants designated by Korea Forest Service were 3 taxa such as Eranthis byunsanensis B.Y.Sun, Potentilla discolor Bunge and Iris odaesanensis Y.N.Lee. The Korean endemic plants were 6 taxa such as Carpinus laxiflora (Siebold & Zucc.) Blume, Eranthis byunsanensis B.Y.Sun, Philadelphus schrenkii Rupr., Lespedeza maritima Nakai, Vicia chosenensis Ohwi and Weigela subsessilis (Nakai) L.H.Bailey. The specific plants by floristic region were 36 taxa such as Pinus koraiensis Siebold & Zucc., Salix chaenomeloides Kimura, Anemone raddeana Regel, Chloranthus japonicus Siebold, Euphorbia pekinensis Rupr., Ilex macropoda Miq., Ajuga multiflora Bunge, Saussurea odontolepis Sch.Bip. ex Herd, Viola orientalis (Maxim.) W.Becker, Betula davurica Pall., Vitex negundo var. incisa (Lam.) C.B.Clarke and Cimicifuga heracleifolia Kom.. The naturalized plants were 36 taxa such as Fallopia dumetorum (L.) Holub, Lepidium apetalum Willd., Robinia pseudoacacia L., Trifolium repens L., Euphorbia supina Raf., Ipomoea purpurea Roth, Veronica persica Poir., Bidens pilosa L., Carduus crispus L., Xanthium canadense Mill., Bromus unioloides H.B.K. and Festuca arundinacea Schreb.. The invasive alien plants were 2 taxa such as Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. and Aster pilosus Willd.. The ratios of the urbanized index(UI), the naturalized index(NI) and the disturbed index(DI) were 11.2%, 7.9% and 18.2% each.