• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.33-41
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• 2009

In order to develop probiotic strain for pigs, Lactobacillus spp. (527 isolates), Streptococcus spp. (95 isolates) and Bifidobacterium spp. (25 isolates) were isolated from the feces of 35 pigs. These isolates were tested through in vitro experiment such as acid tolerance at pH 2.0 (Lactobacillus spp. and Streptococcus spp.) or pH 3.0 (Bifidobacterium spp.), bile tolerance in MRS broth containing 0.3% (w/v) Oxgall, heat resistance at $70^{\circ}C$ and $80^{\circ}C$ for 5 min, antibiotic resistance, antimicrobial activity against pathogenic bacteria and Caco-2 cell adherence assay. Finally ten most superior strain (5 Lactobacillus spp. strain, 3 Bifidobacterium spp. strain and 2 Streptococcus spp. strain) were selected as potential candidate for probiotic use in pig industry. It could be used as an alternative to antibiotics in feed additives.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.31-36
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• 2013

An overview of the epidemiological, biological, and clinical studies of Taenia and taeniasis in Taiwan for the past century is presented. The phenomenal observations that led to the discovery of Taenia asiatica as a new species, which differ from Taenia solium and Taenia saginata, are described. Parasitological surveys of the aborigines in Taiwan revealed a high prevalence of taeniasis, which might be due to the culture of eating raw liver of hunted wild boars. Chemotherapeutic deworming trials involving many patients with taeniasis were discussed. Praziquantel was found to be very effective, but sometimes complete worms could not be recovered from the feces after treatment, probably due to the dissolution of the proglottids. Atabrine, despite some side effects, can still be used, in properly controlled dosages, as the drug of choice for human T. asiatica infection if we need to recover the expelled worms for morphological examinations. Research results on the infection of T. asiatica eggs from Taiwan aborigines in experimental animals were also noted. Since the pig serve as the natural intermediate host of T. asiatica and the predilection site is the liver, a differential comparison of other parasitic pathogens that might cause apparently similar lesions is also presented.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.153-159
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• 2013

Lactic acid bacteria are microorganisms that are closely associated with human and/or animal environments, and are categorized as generally recognized as safe (GRAS) organisms due to their ubiquitous appearance in foods and their contribution to the healthy microflora of mucosal surfaces. This study was performed to isolate and identify lactic acid bacteria with antagonistic effects against food-borne pathogens. A total of 3,000 acid-producing bacteria were isolated from infant feces, cattle feces, goat feces, dog feces, pig feces, vaginal tracts, vegetables, fruits, Kimchi, Jeotgal, fermented sausages, raw milk, cheese, yogurt, Cheonggukjang, Meju, and Makgeolli cultured on MRS agar with 0.05% bromocresol purple. For the isolation of bacteriocin-producing bacteria, the diameter of the clear zone was measured on MRS agar plates. Twenty-six isolates exhibited strong antibacterial activity against indicator strains such as Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis. Lactic acid bacteria were identified as Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, Enterococcus hirae, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus amylovorus, Lactobacillus curvatus, Lactobacillus plantarum, and Pediococcus acidilactici by 16S rDNA gene sequence analysis. The results of this study suggest that the isolates could be used as potential probiotic starters for functional food applications.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.873-882
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• 2008

Eight ileally cannulated pigs (BW $35.9{\pm}0.9kg$) were randomly allotted according to a $4{\times}3$ Latin square design to determine the effects of cellulose, pectin and starch on standardized ileal digestibility (SID) and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of crude protein (CP) and amino acids (AA) as well as on the bacterial AA contribution in feces. The pigs were fed the control diet (20.2% CP, % dry matter (DM)) or one of the three experimental diets in which 25% of the control diet was substituted by cellulose, starch or pectin. Due to this substitution, dietary CP levels were lower in the cellulose (15.5% CP, % DM), pectin (15.4% CP, % DM) and starch diet (15.2% CP, % DM). Following a 15-d adaptation period, feces were collected for 5 d and ileal digesta for a total of 24 h. Starch increased SID of CP, while cellulose and pectin had no significant effect on the digestibility of CP. Overall, starch supplementation resulted in higher (p<0.05) SID values of histidine, isoleucine, threonine, alanine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glycine and serine compared with cellulose, while pectin decreased (p<0.05) SID of valine and proline compared with the starch and control diet. Both cellulose and pectin reduced (p<0.05) the ATTD of CP and AA, while starch decreased (p<0.05) ATTD of phenylalanine, alanine, proline and serine compared with the control. With regard to bacterial AA composition of the fecal mixed bacterial mass (MBM), cellulose supplementation increased (p<0.05) its content of N and almost all AA, except for valine, while pectin caused higher contents of arginine, histidine and proline compared with the control (p<0.05). The bacterial contribution of arginine in feces was higher (p<0.05) in the cellulose treatment, while pectin reduced (p<0.05) the bacterial contribution of leucine, alanine, glutamic acid and proline in feces compared with the control. In conclusion, the effects of cellulose, starch and pectin on SID were rather small. Bacterial activity in the large intestine can only explain the reduced ATTD values for arginine in the cellulose treatment, but not for the other AA in the cellulose and pectin treatments, suggesting higher endogenous losses of these AA in the large intestine.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.43-51
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• 2005

This study was carried out to investigate the style of livestock house, concentration of malodorous substances of livestock feces and livestock houses in Daejeon area. Among the livestock houses investigated, as most of cow pens(94.5%) have sawdust or chaff on the bottom, there was no leakage of feces out of pen. Most pig pens adopted slury style, but some of them currently use buffering material on the bottom. It is thought that there will be no possible contamination leakage. When it comes to hen house, all the broiler house use litters on the bottom and all the layer house use scrapper. It is also thought that there will be no possible contamination leakage. 3 out of 12 deer pens used buffering material on the bottom, 10 places were maintained in a traditional method, and 7 places left possibility of contamination leakage considering whether the roof was installed or not. The contents of ammonia, amine and volatile fatty acid in fresh feces were lower compared to rotten feces, but the concentration of sulfur-containing matter - hydrogen sulfide, methylmercapthan and ethylmercapthan were higher compared to rotten feces. In the case of malodorous ingredient in livestock houses, only small amount of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide were detected in pig pen and hen house, and other ingredients were not detectable. And those who are engaged in animal husbandry reacted negatively to the use of feed additives for decreasing malodor. In conclusion, it is not worrisome that contamination can be leaked out of animal raising facilities. But if we take into consideration that the point of investigation time is wintry season, there should be more considerate attitude. And feed additives for decreasing malodor need establishing criteria in the manufacturing process.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.57-65
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• 2003

Livestock farming is one of several industries that have faced criticism because of its impact on the water quality, soil contamination and air pollution. The livestock feces can cause some environmental problems. The best way to treat the feces is to recycle the manure as an organic fertilizer after fermentation or composting. This study was carried out to investigate the characteristics of composting of manure in several composting conditions. The variations of physicochemical characteristics of each compost piles containing different level of air volume were analyzed throughout the composting period. In this study, pigs manure compost piles mixed with saw dust were composted in 110L of laboratory scale plastic vessels and $1.5m^3$ of small cubic wooden composting vessels for 60days. The compost piles were ventilated continuously with air pump throughout the composting duration. The air volume ventilated into the piles was regulated by chock valve attached to the inlet pipe. The ventilation level was adjusted by 20, 50, 100, 150 and $200L/m^3/mim$, respectively. The highest temperature of the compost increased to $72^{\circ}C$ during composting period. After 20days from beginning of fermentation, concentrations of $H_2S$, $CH_3SH$, DMS and DMDS generated from compost piles were 29, 16, 6 and 5ppb in blow in state compost pile, conversely, in blow out state compost pile, the parameters were 32, 24, 15 and 14ppb, respectively.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.62 no.5
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• pp.761-763
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• 2020

Here we report the complete genome sequence of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens ATC6, which produces acidic cellulase, isolated from pig feces. The genome is 4,062,817 bp in length and has a guanine-cytosine (GC) content of 46.27%. Among the predicted 3,913 protein-coding genes, two glucanase genes, which are involved in lichenan and cellulose degradation, were found. This genome analysis helps clarify the mechanism involved in cellulose biodegradation and support its application for efficient use of livestock feeds.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.121-127
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• 1992

To investigate the prevalence of swine internal parasitic infection, the fecal examinations were carried out between July. 1991. and June. 1992. The samples of 3, 126 swine feces and sawdust were collected from 6 sawdust fermentative and 6 cement-floored pigsties in Chonnam area. The results obtained were as follows. 1. The rate of swine internal parasitic infection, 38.5％ from sawdust fermentative pigsty was higher than 22.2％ from cement-floored pigsty. 2. Of the swine internal parasites detected, Balantidium cole, 21.4% from growing pig of sawdust fermentative pigsty, and 21.3％ from sow of cement-floored pigsty was the must commonly encountered. The infection rate of another parasites including Trichuris suis in sawdust fermentative pigsty was also higher than cement-floored pigsty. 3. Larvae of Strongyloides ransomi was the highest infection rate (40.0%) at sawdust of the sawdust fermentative pigsty.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.62-66
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• 1992

This study was performed to investigate the characteristics of livestock wastewater excepting pig feces and the variation tendency of water quality and the removal efficiency of polluting materials by establishing the sequencing batch reactor in the field.The results were as follows, 1. The characteristics of livestock wastewater as follows: BOD: 619.80, COD$_{cr}$: 782.70, NH$_{3}$-N: 194.20, TKN: 232.81, PO$_{4}$-P: 24.10, T-P: 215.14 (mg/l) 2. During the reaction, negative correlation existed between pH and dissolved oxygen concentration. 3. The removal efficiency of the organic material by the index of BOD and COD was about 90%. 4. Nitrogen removal efficiency was 65.6% by total Kjeldahl nitrogen index, and phosphorous removal efficiency was about 47% by PO$_{4}$-P concentration.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.780-786
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• 1993

About 7.7% of the total anaerobic bacteria in pig feces grew with clear zone around the colonies on the agar medium containing inulin as a sole carbon source. Among these bacteria, a strain with the strongest inulin-utilizing activity was isolated and identified as Bacteroides sp. based on its morphological and taxonomical characteristics. The isolate grew well with inulin, fructooligosaccharides or glucose as a sole carbon source, while its growth dropped to 50% of that obtained with glucose when soluble starch or sucrose are used. Since the inulase activity was found only when fructooligosaccharides or inulin was added to the growth medium, but not when glucose, sucrose or soluble starch was applied, the inulase production was considered to be induced by fructooligosaccharides or inulin. The highest inulase activity, 0.42 U/ml was detected with the inulin medium and 0.25 U/ml with fructooligosaccharides medium. The cell growth of the isolated strain increased with the amounts of inulin up to 2%(w/v) and maximum production of inulase was found in the cells fed 1% inulin. The inulase of the isolated Bacteroides sp. showed its maximum activity at pH $7.0{\sim}7.5\;and\;50{\sim}50^{\circ}C$ and was found to be an exoinulase judging by its mode of action.