• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.81-88
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• 2007

One hundred and forty-four cross-bred market pigs weighing approximately 110 kg were randomly divided into six groups in a 3 (duration of fasting prior to loading; 0, 12 and 24 h) ${\times}$ 2 (handling stress; minimal vs stimulated handling stress) factorial arrangement of treatments. The stimulated handling stress group received overally rough handling including electric prod stimulation during loading, transport and lairage at least once at each step. All the animals received 3-h lairage prior to slaughter. Blood and longissimus dorsi muscle (LM) samples were taken at slaughter and after overnight chilling of the carcass, respectively. Mean plasma glucose concentration, as expected, was less in the 12 h- or 24 h-fasting group than in the 0 h-fasting, whereas cortisol concentration was greater (P<0.05) in the 24 h- vs 0 h-fasting group. Plasma concentrations of stress indicators glucose, cortisol, creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase were greater in the stimulated vs minimal handling stress group. There were no interactions between the duration of fasting and handling stress in their effects on these blood variables. The incidence of pale, soft and exudative (PSE) carcass and drip loss of LM were reduced in the 12 h- or 24 h- vs 0 h-fasting group, whereas the 24-h postmortem LM pH and color including the lightness and redness were not affected by the duration of fasting. The incidence of PSE carcass and physicochemical characteristics of LM, however, were not changed by the stimulated vs minimal handling stress. In conclusion, results suggest that fasting the market pig overnight prior to transport is desirable in terms of reducing the incidence of PSE carcass. Rough handling of market pigs may not affect the carcass quality of the animals when an enough lairage time is provided. However, rough handling inflicts a stimulated stress on the animal, which is manifested by increased blood concentrations of stress indicators, and therefore should be avoided fer animal welfare.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.94-98
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• 2007

This study was to investigate the effects of ascorbic acid and alpha-tocopherol on the attenuation of renal ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury in pigs. Ten pigs were subjected to 60 minutes of warm unilateral renal ischemia followed by removal of contralateral kidney and then divided into two groups. Treatment group was performed ascorbic acid and alpha-tocopherol pretreatment 2 days before operation and ascorbic acid with heparin-saline solution irrigation-aspiration. Otherwise, control group used only irrigation-aspiration of heparin-saline solution. Blood samples were collected from these pigs for measurement of serum blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine values, antioxidant superoxide dismutase (SOD) at pre, day 1, day 3, day 7 and day 14. The kidneys were taken for histopathologic evaluation after euthanasia on postoperative day 14. The levels of BUN were significantly increased in the control group on day 1, day 3 and day 7 (P<0.05). And the level of creatinine was significantly increased in the control group on day 3 (p<0.05). Activity of antioxidant enzymes in plasma revealed significant difference (p<0.05) between control and treatment group at day 14. In histopathologic findings, treatment group was showed less damage than that of control group on the basis of renal tubular damage. It was concluded that ascorbic acid and alpha-tocopherol attenuated renal I/R injury in the pigs.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.54 no.2
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• pp.107-112
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• 2014

Four viruses showing cytopathic effects in MDBK cells were isolated from brains of cattle showing downer cattle syndrome in 2012. The isolates were confirmed to belong to the genus Rubulavirus of the subfamily Paramyxovirinae. Isolate QIA-B1201 had the ability to hemagglutinate red blood cells from several species of animals and was capable of adsorbing guinea pig erythrocytes on the surface of infected Vero cells. Nucleotide sequence analysis showed that two isolates (QIA-B1201 and QIA-B1204) had high similarity with other human and animal PIV5 isolates ranging from 98.1 to 99.8%. The highest sequence similarity of the two isolates corresponded to strain KNU-11 (99.8% at the nucleotide and amino acid level) isolated from suckling piglets in Korea in 2012. To evaluate the virulence of strain QIA-B1201, we inoculated bPIV5 into 5 week-old mice via both the intraperitoneal and intracranial route. Body weight was not significantly altered in mice inoculated with QIA-B1201. In this study, we isolated and characterized novel bPIV5s from brain samples showing downer cattle syndrome, but were not able to elucidate the pathogenicity of the bPIV5s in mice.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.23 no.8
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• pp.1096-1104
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• 2010

This bio-acoustic study was aimed at classifying the different porcine wasting diseases through sound analysis with emphasis given to differences in the acoustic footprints of coughs in porcine circo virus type 2 (PCV2), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (MH) - infected pigs from a normal cough. A total of 36 pigs (Yorkshire${\times}$Landrace${\times}$Duroc) with average weight ranging between 25-30 kg were studied, and blood samples of the suspected infected pigs were collected and subjected to serological analysis to determine PCV2, PRRS and MH. Sounds emitted by coughing pigs were recorded individually for 30 minutes depending on cough attacks by a digital camcorder placed within a meter distance from the animal. Recorded signals were digitalized in a PC using the Cool Edit Program, classified through labeling method, and analyzed by one-way analysis of variance and discriminant analysis. Input features after classification showed that normal cough had the highest pitch level compared to other infectious diseases (p<0.002) but not statistically different from PRRS and MH. PCV2 differed statistically (p<0.002) from the normal cough and PRRS but not from MH. MH had the highest intensity and all coughs differed statistically from each other (p<0.0001). PCV2 was statistically different from others (p<0.0001) in formants 1, 2, 3 and 4. There was no statistical difference in duration between different porcine diseases and the normal cough (p>0.6863). Mechanisms of cough sound creation in the airway could be used to explain these observed acoustic differences and these findings indicated that the existence of acoustically different cough patterns depend on causes or the animals' respiratory system conditions. Conclusively, differences in the status of lungs results in different cough sounds. Finally, this study could be useful in supporting an early detection method based on the on-line cough counter algorithm for the initial diagnosis of sick animals in breeding farms.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.81-88
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• 1988

Experiments were conducted with chicks and pigs to determine whether the sparing effects of cobalt (Co) or nickel (Ni) on zinc (Zn) nutrition were due to an improved Zn availability. They included a Zn balance study with New Hampshire X Leghorn cross chicks, a $^{65}Zn$ absorption study with Ancona chicks and a $^{65}Zn$ balance study with pigs. The basal diet was a corn-soybean type diet high in calcium. In the Zn balance study with New Hampshire X Leghorn cross chicks, Zn retention percentages for basal, + 54 ppm Ni or + 54 ppm Co were 39.4, 40.4 and 48.3, respectively. In the $^{65}Zn$ absorption study with chicks, adding these levels of Ni or Co to the basal diet increased $^{65}Zn$ absorption from 12.8% to 14.0% and 15.1%, respectively. Supplemental Ni and Co increased the proportion of body $^{65}Zn$ found in liver and bone. With the pig experiment, $^{65}Zn$ retention percentages for basal, +54 ppm Co and + 60 ppm Zn groups were 20.0, 26.7 and 12.2, respectively; while Zn retention values (mg) in the body were 29.5, 45.1 and 60.5, respectively. In addition, supplemental Co increased $^{65}Zn$ concentration in the blood, liver, kidney and duodenum. These studies showed that supplementation of the basal diet with Co resulted in increased absorption of dietary Zn in chicks and pigs. The effect of Ni in chicks was less than that of Co. The ability of supplemental Co and to a lesser extent of Ni to improve weight gain as well as reduce other Zn-deficient signs in both species fed a practical corn-soybean type diet high in in calcium can be explained, at least in part by an associated increase in Zn absorption. The possible mechanism involved in these effects are discussed.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.1022-1035
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• 2021

This study estimated the effect of exposure to propiconazole through implementation and residues in finishing pigs. We analyzed the expression of fibrosis-related genes and performed histological analysis of the blood, liver, kidney, muscle, ileum, and fat tissues. The animals were exposed for 28 d to different concentrations of propiconazole (0.09, 0.44, 0.88, 4.41, and 8.82 mg/kg bw/d). Quantitative, gene expression, and histological analyses in tissues were performed using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry, real-time PCR, and Masson's trichrome staining, respectively. Final body weight did not differ among groups. However, genes involved in fibrosis were significantly differentially regulated in response to propiconazole concentrations. Glucose, alanine aminotransferase, and total bilirubin levels were significantly increased compared with those in the control group, while alkaline phosphatase level was decreased (p<0.05) after exposure to propiconazole. The residue limits of propiconazole were increased in the finishing phase at 4.41 and 8.82 mg/kg bw/d. The liver, kidney, and ileum showed blue staining after propiconazole treatment, confirmed by Masson's trichrome staining. In conclusion, these findings suggest that propiconazole exposure disturbs the expression of fibrosis-related genes. This study on dietary propiconazole in pigs can provide a basis for determining maximum residue limits and a better understanding of metabolism in pigs and meat products.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.24 no.9
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• pp.1268-1273
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• 2011

The present study was conducted to determine a feasible method of protein concentrate extraction from rice bran (RBPC) and its effect as a substitution for skim milk in early weaning pig diets. An investigation to extract protein concentrate from full fat rice bran was undertaken to determine the best ratio of water and rice bran, the amount of NaOH and a HCl solvent to use in a simple paddle-type mixer with modified spinning to produce RBPC. The results stated that the best ratio for water mixing in the RBPC extraction process was 1:5 with 20 g NaOH and 30 min in a paddle-type mixer at 300 rpm. A mix of 250 ml 0.2 N HCl was optimum for neutralization and protein precipitation. After the fluid was spun out with a washing machine, the sediment was left for 12-14 hours to complete the filtration. One kilogram of rice bran could produce an average of 324.5 gram RBPC and it contained 3.40% ash, 496.48 kcal of GE/100 gram, 1.94% crude fiber, 28.20% ether extract, 7.64% moisture and 16.66% crude protein, respectively. A total of 45 crossbred piglets, weaned at 3 weeks of age were allotted into control diet (A) and dietary treatments formulated with a four different rates of RBPC substitution for skim milk at a percentage of 25 (B), 50 (C), 77 (D) and 100 (E) respectively, in a randomized complete block (RCB) design. All piglets had free access to feed and water until 8 week of age when the experiment ended. Feed intake, average daily gain, growth rate and feed efficiency were not affected by dietary treatments. Blood test parameters after completion of the growth trial indicated normal health. Even though the mean of cell hemoglobin concentration was significantly different between treatments (p<0.05) it was still within the normal range. The cost difference for BW gain of 100% RBPC substituted for skim milk in the weaning diet was approximately 35% lower than that of the control and the relative cost of production was 96.67, 92.85, 70.75 and 64.48% lower for the replacement of 25, 50, 75 and 100% of skim milk respectively. These results implied that this technology is feasible for use by small scale farmers to improve their self-reliance.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.9
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• pp.1290-1298
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• 2001

A total of 371 weaned pigs were used in three experiments to evaluate the effects of spray dried plasma (SDP), soybean protein sources, and lactose on growth performance. In Exp. 1, 128 pigs (5.99 kg, $18{\pm}2d$) were used to evaluate the effect of SDP (0 vs 7%), lactose (0 vs 30%), and two soybean protein sources [soybean meal (SBM) and extruded soybean protein concentrate (ESPC)] in phase I (d 0 to 14) diets on pig performance in a $2{\times}2{\times}2$ factorial arrangement. Spray-dried plasma increased phase I ADG (p<0.01) and ADFI (p<0.05) in the SBM diets, but not in the ESPC diets. Lactose improved ADG and gain/feed ratio (G/F) in phase I (p<0.01). In Exp. 2, 144 pigs (5.50 kg, $17{\pm}3d$) were used to evaluate the effect of SDP (0 vs. 3.5%) and three soybean protein sources [SBM, ESPC, and soybean protein concentrate (SPC)] in phase I diets, and the effects of two different phase II (d 14 to 28) diets (simple vs complex) in a $2{\times}3{\times}2$ factorial arrangement of treatments. In phase I, SDP increased ADG (p<0.01) and improved G/F (p<0.05). Pigs fed SBM had the highest ADG and ADFI, with a G/F similar to the pigs fed ESPC. In phase II, pigs fed the complex diet had improved ADG (p<0.01), ADFI (p<0.05), and G/F (p<0.05) compared to the simple diet. In Exp. 3, 99 weaned pigs (5.77 kg, $17{\pm}3$d) were used to evaluate the effect of SBM, ESPC, and ESPC with SDP in the phase I diets. Pigs fed SBM with no blood product in the diet had the lowest ADG (p<0.01), ADFI (p<0.01), and G/F (p<0.05) in the first week of phase I. There were no differences in soybean protein sources fed in phase I diets on overall pig performance. These experiments are indicated that SDP and lactose improve the phase I performance. Soybean meal can be used as the major protein source in phase I diets with SDP.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.163-184
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• 2003

This study was conducted to survey the farm which suffered from disease similar to classical swine fever(CSF) in Gyeongbuk province. Clinical signs appeared first in a few number of growing pigs which showed specific signs of diarrhea, depression, sleepiness, and reluctance to get up or to eat. Younger piglets may have appeared chilled, shiver and huddle together. As the disease progresses the affected pig's skin went red and purple. In histopathological signs, there were many haemorrhages throughout the body and larger haemorrhages in some organs such as lymph nodes. And there is a precipitous fall in the number of circulating leukocytes in the blood. In spite of insisting of farmer which did not vaccinate to classical swine fever, significant antibody production was detected in these affected pigs at enzyme-linked immuonsorbent assay. According to the above results at first glance, these affected pig suspected with CSF in clinical signs and histopathological lesions only. Because the symptoms and post-mortem picture were very similar to CSF, these false positive results would have been dangerous to diagnostician. But by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR) and comparative nucleotide sequence analysis, the disease was correctly diagnosed with post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome(PMWS) and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome(PRRS) compoundly. And the antigen which were detected the lesion similar to CSF virus, was confirmed with LOM vaccine strain of CSF. In most national CSF eradication program and in countries which are free of the CSF virus, vaccination against CSF is not practiced and generally is not allowed. But now in Korea, routine vaccination is practiced because of outbreaking the CSF repeatedly. When CSF is diagnosed the whole herd and other in contact animal are slaughtered continuously.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.49 no.6
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• pp.839-846
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• 2007

The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation of the ginseng by-product on growth performance and meat quality in finishing pigs. The animals used in the experiment were a total of 24 Landrace×Yorkshire and weighted 65.81±2.02kg. The experimental diets were basal diet(CON) and 2.5% ginseng by-product(GBP), which replaced lupin in basal diet. The pigs were allotted at 4 pigs per pen with three replicate pens per treatment by completely randomized design. In growth performance, ADFI was significantly lower(P<0.0001) in GBP than in CON. In plasma biochemical composition, total protein(P<0.01), blood urea nitrogen(P<0.03), glucose(P<0.01), albumin(P<0.02), calcium(P<0.01) and inorganic phosphate(P<0.01) were significantly higher in GBP than in CON. Carcass and meat quality were not significantly different between treatments. Total ginsenoside content on meat was significantly higher(P<0.0001) in GBP than in CON. TBARs was significantly lower in GBP than in CON for 6 days(P<0.03) and 12 days (P<0.06), respectively. Our research indicates that plasma biochemical composition, total ginsenoside content and TBARs were affected when replaced with ginseng by-product. Ginseng by-product in the pig diet increased pig muscle ginsenoside, indicating that ginseng by-product can be used as a feed additive.