• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.217-225
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• 2010

The total oil proportion of bay scallop by areas during the growing period was the highest (2.8%) at Tongyong in August, then it decreased to 1.88% in September and 0.62% in October, and it was the lowest (0.22%) in November. The total oil proportion of phytoplankton by areas was the highest at Tongyong, where it was decreased from 5.02% in August and 3.29% in September to 2.48% in October and 1.66% in November. For the composition of fatty acid of bay scallop by areas and seasons during the growing period, the major composition was 16:0 and 18:0 as saturated fatty acid, and 16:1n-7, 18:1n-7, 20:1n-9, ARA (20:4n-6), EPA (20:5n-3), DHA (22:6n-3) as monoenic acid. TMTD (4,8,12-trimethyltridecanoic acid) was detected in a little amount as special fatty acid. For the composition of fatty acid of prey by areas during the growing period of bay scallop from August to November 1998, n-3HUFA, Omega-3 highly unsaturated fatty acid, in August was 47.11% at Namhae in slowest growth, while it was distinctively low with 34.26% at Tongyong and 14.06% at Nammeon.

• ALGAE
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.145-156
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• 2003

Seasonal investigations were conducted to determine the major aquatic environmental factors and the variation of phytoplankton in Pyeongtaek Reservoir in March, June, September, and December 2000. Heavy rainfall mainly occurs from late June to mid-September, and water quality of reservoir was high in the influent zone of stream and riverine zone of reservoir. The biomass of phytoplankton was related to aquatic environmental factors. In particular, its value increased where nutrient concentration was high. Likewise, the increase of turbidity was found to have anthropogenic effects on the varying quantity of phytoplankton. The phytoplankton composition in quantitative survey identified into 43 genera and 71 species. Species numbers of Bacillariophyceae, Cyanophyceae, and Chlorophyceae accounted for 17%, 15%, and 49%, respectively, with the remainder constituting less than 3-7%. The distribution of such phyla also significantly varied according to seasons, accounting for 25%, 37%, 61%, and 14% in March, June, September, and December, respectively. Bacillariophyceae and Chlorophyceae were observed throughout the year, while Cyanophyceae proliferated in June and September. Euglenophyceae and Dinophyceae were prevalent in March and September, while Cryptophyceae occurred in March and December. The succession trend of phytoplankton showed the maximum cell density was followed by Bacillariophyceae (6.8$\times$$10^3$ cells ${\cdot}$ml)$\rightarrow$ Chlorophyceae (3.7$\times$$10^3$ cells ${\cdot}$ml)$\rightarrow$Cyanophyceae (1.3$\times$$10^4$ cells ${\cdot}$ml)$\rightarrow$Cryptophyceae (1.2$\times$$10^3$ cells ${\cdot}$ml). The cell density was the highest in the upstream. Dominant species were composed of Aulacoseira ambigua, Stephanodiscus hantzschii f. tenuis of Bacillariophyceae, Anabaena spiroides var. crassa, Microcystis aeruginosa, Oscillatoria amphibia of Cyanophyceae, Actinastrum hantzschii var. fluviatile, Pediastrum duplex var. reticulatum of Chlorophyceae, Euglena gracilis, Trachelomonas spp. of Euglenophyceae, and Chroomonas spp., Cryptomonas spp. of Cryptophyceae. As a results, seasonal variation of phytoplankton in Pyeongtaek Reservoir was evident in spite of inflow the high concentration of nutrients from watershed streams, because hydrological control and anthropogenic disturbance in reservoir were found to have major effects on the retention time of water.

• 한국해양학회지
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• v.2 no.1_2
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• pp.1-12
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• 1967

As a part of the primary production in the coastal water of Korea Seas on October-November 1964 and June-July 1965, quantitative phytoplankton materials by the net haul were obtained. This paper deals with a study on the distribution quantity and specific composition of the phytoplankton in the same waters. 76 species of diatoms and 8 species of dinoflagellates in October-November 1964, and 74 species of diatoms and 7 species of dinoflagellates in June-July 1965 were found. In autumn of 1964 and spring of 1965, there occured 90 species of diatoms and 10 species of dinoflagellates, and 60 species of diatoms and 5 species of dinoflagellates were encountered in both seasons. The maximal total quantity of phytoplankton were observed at Pohang (27,844,000 cell/㎥), Ulsan (25,186,000 cells/㎥) and Yosu (12,829,000 cells/㎥) in June-July 1965 and the smallest (16,000 cells/㎥) at Jukbyon in the coast of the Sea of Japan in October-November 1964. The coastal water of Korean Seas, as well as in the primary production study, is divided into four regions by the phytoplankton characters; coastal waters of the Sea of Japan, the east part of the Southern Sea, the west part of the Southern Sea and the Yellow Sea. The coastal waters of the Sea of Japan and the east part of the Southern Sea, in generally, are rich in the phytoplankton. In the coast of the Sea of Japan, species of Chaetoceros and Bacteriastrum prevail and uncommon in species of Coscinodiscus and Rhizosolenia. In the east part of the Southern Sea, on the other hand, uncommon in species of Chaetoceros and Bacteriastrum, and species of Coscinodiscus Rhizosolenia and hemiaulus indicus prevail. The coastal waters of the west part of the Southern Sea and the Yellow sea are both poor in the phytoplankton but Coscinodiscus species prevailed comparatively.

• ALGAE
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.49-58
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• 2003

The short-term dynamics of the summer phytoplankton community structure were investigated in coastal waters around Namhae Island, the Southern Sea of Korea. The study was based on a comprehensive survey constituting 39 collections from 13 stations on July 18-22, August 1-2, 14-16 and 27-30, respectively. The community structure was analysed using cluster analysis and important environmental correlates of the assemblage structure were identified with canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). Water temperature, salinity, NO₂, NO₃, NH₄, PO₄, chlorophyll a and transparency were measured as physico-chemical environmental factors which may be associated with the phytoplankton community structure. Variations of salinity and concentrations of NO₃ and chlorophyll a were not significant. In addition to warmer water temperature, concentrations of NO₂, NO₄and PO₄ decreased at the beginning of August. And transparency was deeper and water column became very unstable after the middle of August. A wide taxonomic diversity was encountered during the survey, including a total of 121 taxa which was composed of 72 diatoms, 48 dinoflagellates and 1 euglenoid species. Cluster analysis showed that the Phytoplankton community could be divided into 4 distinct groups, indicating rapid changes of the community in the short course of this survey. These phytoplankton groups also showed distinctive dispersion patterns in 2-dimensional canonical space, indicating distinct groupings for stations at each survey. Dominant taxa of diatoms (Chaetoceros curvisetus, Chaetoceros spp., Leptocylindrus danicus, Leptocylindrus mediteraneus, Skeletonema costanum, and Pseudo-nitzschia pungen) clustered in region of CCA space corresponding to stations surveyed at the middle of July. Dominant taxa of dinoflagellates were tightly associated with stations surveyed at the middle (Karenia breve) and end (Cochlodinium polykrikoides and Polykrikos schwartzii) of August. The CCA also showed that the phytoplankton community compositions were highly associated with water temperature, transparency, NO₂, NH₄ and PO₄, suggesting that gradients in physical and nutrient conditions affect short-term changes in phytoplankton composition.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.281-297
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• 2011

The specie composition, stranding crops and the dominant species of phytoplankton were studied in three streams, Namdae-stream, Yeongok-stream and Sacheon-stream from May 2008 to February 2009. The water qualities of the three streams which run into estuary were also examined using phytoplankton indicators. As the result, the phytoplankton appeared 94 taxa in Namdae-stream, 79 taxa in Yeongok-stream and 73 taxa in Sacheon-stream, diatoms appeared the most in phytoplankton. Genus Navicula and Cymbella in diatoms appeared to be over 10 taxa in each stream, N. cryptocephala, N. cryptotenella and N. gregaria, the pollution tolerance taxa, appeared more frequent in the downstream. Due to the separation of each substrate by the rapid water velocity in the upstream, Achnanthes minutissima, a known periphyton, was dominant in upstream site at Namdae and Yeongok-stream. Some construction areas and sites of downstream of Namdae-stream, Yeongok-stream and Sacheon-stream were shown to be polluted because pollution tolerance taxa, such as Cyclotella meneghiniana, Nitzschia palea and Oscillatoria limnetica, were dominant. The total of 20 taxa phytoplankton indicators were found, composed of 16 taxa of Water pollution algae including Oscillatoria limosa, 2 taxa of Clean water algae Meridion circulare and Staurastrum puntulatum, 1 taxa of Toxic algae Microcystis aeruginosa and 1 taxa of Taste and odor algae Fragilaria construens. Water pollution indicators were appeared frequently in polluted sites of biological water quality(DAIpo, TDI) and of sites containing high trophic state index(TSI). Therefore, using the phytoplankton indicators can assess water quality through relation of biological water quality and trophic state index.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.27-34
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• 2004

Based on both field and laboratory experiments, seasonal changes in the species composition and abundance of phytoplankton in the gut contents of the jedo venus clam, Protothaca jedoensis, and its feeding selectivity were investigated. The phytoplankton in the gut contents comprised Bacillariophyceae (diatom), Chlorophyceae, Chrysophyceae, and Dinophyceae, of which the diatoms being the most predominant throughout the year. Although the number of species and the abundance of phytoplankton in the sea water were always more diverse and more abundant than in the gut contents, the relative number and abundance were generally similar in the seawater and in the gut contents. In the laboratory experiments, the relative abundances of Coscinodiscus marginatus and Thalassirosira eccentrica were much more higher in the gut contents than any other algal species, while Paralia sulcata, Skeletonema costatum, and Eucampia zodiacus were abundant in order of cell density in the ambient water. These results suggest that P. jedoensis may feed preferably on single algal cell or smaller chains of algal cells.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.17 no.10
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• pp.1155-1167
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• 2008

Chlorophyll a (chl a) has been used as an indicator for phytoplankton biomass in pelagic ecosystems due to the relative ease of measurement and selectivity for autotrophs in mixed plankton assemblages. However, the use of chi a as an indicator for phytoplankton biomass is restricted due to its inability to resolve taxonomic differences of phytoplankton and the highly variable relationship of chi a with phytoplankton. Here, we describe the analysis of High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) photosynthetic pigment data using CHEMTAX, which is a matrix factorization program that uses chemical taxonomic indices (phytoplankton carotenoids) to quantify the abundance of phytoplankton groups. Compared to direct microscopic counting that can distinguish species within broad groups, the resolution of taxonomic groups by CHEMTAX is generally coarse. It can only distinguish between diatoms, dinoflagellates, cryptophytes, cyanobacteria, chlorophytes, prasinophytes, and haptophytes. However, CHEMTAX analysis is much faster and less expensive than microscopic counting methods. HPLC pigment observations were taken in the spring, summer, fall, and winter in$ 2005\sim2006$ within Gamak Bay, South Korea. CHEMTAX results revealed that diatoms were the dominant taxonomic group in Gamak Bay. In inner Gamak Bay, the ratio between diatoms and cryptophytes was $75\sim80%$, and the ratio between dinoflagellates and cryptophytes was $10\sim15%$. In outer Gamak Bay, the ratio between diatoms and cryptophytes was $85\sim90%$, and the ratio between dinflagellates and cryptophytes was only $1\sim5%$. The population structure was seasonal. Relative diatom populations were less in the summer than the winter season.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.115-123
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• 2000

The dynamics of water quality and phytoplankton population had examined by monthly sampling from the upper to the lower part of watergate in an artificial Shihwa Reservoir in which situated near newly cities and incustrial complex on the west coast of Korea from January 1997 to December 1998. Among environmental factors, yearly average concentration of chl-a, TN and TP seemed to eutrophic or hypertrophic conditions that ranged 146.4~245.8 $\mu\textrm{g}$/$\ell$, 1.6~2.7 mg N/$\ell$, 258~448 $\mu\textrm{g}$ P/$\ell$, 26.9~80.7 $\mu\textrm{g}$/$\ell$, 1.0~2.4 mgN/$\ell$ and 74~239 $\mu\textrm{g}$P/$\ell$ respectively. Water quality was extremely deteriorated to consistently accumulation into inner reservoir by load of pollutants from autochthonous and allochthonous until early July 1997 after embankment. Water pollution of Shihwa Reservoir was remarkble on the biological condition with largely persistent bloom of phytoplankton and increase rate of standing crops was 2.4/yr. The development trend of phytoplankton in water ecosystem were closely related to increse and decrease of physico-chemical factors and those scale seemed to control by nutrient contents. Inflow of seawater into reservoir to object of repair of water quality. As to see dominant species, composition of those composed to mostly freshwater algae before inflow of seawater such as Selenastrum capricornutum of green algae, cyclotella atomus, C. meneghiniana of diatom and Microcystis spp. of blue-green algae and the other hand brackish algae were dominated after inflow of seawater such as Chaetoceros dicipiens, Skeletonema costatum of diatom, Dinophysis acuminata, Gymnodinium mikimotoi, G. sanguineum, Gyrodinium spirale, Prorocentrum minmum of dinoflagellate and Eutreptiella gymnastica of euglenoid. Moreover, small flagellates including Chroomonas spp. of cryptomonad were abundant throughout the year. The cause of water deterioration during fill of the freshwater were complexly supported with extra and intra parameters. The variation pattern of phytoplankton were related to water temperature and salinity by inflow of seawater based to plentiful nutrients. The dynamics of phytoplankton were assessed to ecosystem that clearly condition of dominant by unique or a few angel species seasonally.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.208-214
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• 1990

Phytoplankton samples for this study were collected by Van Dorn Sampler at 28 oceanographic stations in the southern waters of Korea in February, April and August, 1988 to characterize the distribution and species composition of phytoplankton and their relation to the movement of water masses. During the study periods, phytoplankton standing crops in the southern waters were maximum in April and minimum in February. When the geographical distribution and abundance of the phytoplankton were considered, the highest standing crops were found near the front zone formed between Cheju Island and Tsushima Island. Therefore, their abundance depends ell the location of the front zone. On the other hand, there were relatively low standing crops in the open sea off the coastal area from the front zone in February and August. The cause of the unusal low standing crops found in August at the station 205/01, the central part of the coastal area of the southern waters where the largest standing crops occurred in February and April, seems to be due to the intrusion of Tsushima warm waters. This is because the waters at the station have high temperature and salinity, poor dissolved oxygen and nutrient salts, which are identical to the characteristics of proper Tsushima warm waters. It seems that these warm waters may affect the poor productivity in this area. Seventy-two species in thirty-three genera of the phytoplankton were indentified from the samples. Among them, 61 species in 27 genera belong to diatoms and 12 species in 7 genera to dinoflagellates. The largest number of phytoplankton species occurred in August while the largest number of the tells in April. Predominant species were Eucampia zodiacus in February, Skeletonema costatum and Chaetoceros curvisetus in April and Chaetoceros affinis in August. Eucampia zodiacus which was dominant in February and April seems to be a indicator of the southern coastal waters of Korea and mixed waters west of Cheju Island.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.63-70
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• 2009

Eutrophicated water fed through Mankyeong River and Dongjin River into the new Saemankeum Lakemight seriously affect the water quality and phytoplankton community in the lake. To obtain control reference data for the later studies on environmental changes due to the construction of the Saemankeum Sea Wall, we performed a monthly investigation on the physico-chemical properties of the water and phytoplankton community at 3 stations in the Mankyeong River Estuary over 14 months starting from September 1999. Water temperature ranged from $0.3{\sim}32.9^{\circ}C$ due to the typical seasonal variations in temperate on the coasts and salinity exhibited a wide annual range of $0.2{\sim}33.7$ psu along with regular and huge hourly variations according to tidal cycles. Inorganic nutrients were supplied from rivers to the monitoring station and the whole lake. The average concentration of total-N, $6.99\;mg{\cdot}l^{-1}$, was higher than the water quality for agricultural use with peak values occurring in winter. Species composition showed a seasonal succession pattern, where a high diversity was observedin summer and autumn and vice versa in winter. Hourly variations of water properties in the "Mankyeong bridge" Station were quite regular and well in accordance with the daily tidal cycles. The different degree of sea water intrusion during the flood tide at each of the 3 stations exhibited a different range and variation pattern of water temperature and salinity throughout a day. Hourly changes in species composition were in harmony with the daily tidal cycles, resulting in extremely variable spatio-temporal variation.