• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제35권7호
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• pp.501-510
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• 2002

배경: 급성 호흡곤란증후군은 다양한 병인에 의해 발병하지만 그 병인론이 아직까지 확립되어 있지 않다. 본 연구에서는 장의 허혈-재관류시에 발병하는 급성 호흡곤란증후군에서 group II phospholipase $A_2$ ($PLA_2$)의 역할을 알아보기 위하여 시행되었다. 특히 폐장내의 호중구의 침윤과 더불어 유발되는 산화성 스트레스에서 group II $PLA_2$의 역할을 규명하려 하였다. 대상 및 방법: 체중 300g 내외의 Sprague-Dawley 종 흰쥐에서 급성 폐손상을 유발하기 위하여 상장간막동맥을 60분간 차단한 후 120분간 재관류를 시행하였다. Group II $PLA_2$가 폐장의 손상, 특히 혈관 내피세포의 손상에 미치는 영향을 호중구의 작용과 연관하여 알아보기 위하여 폐누출지수, 폐장내 myeloperoxidase의 활성도, 폐포세척액내의 단백함량을 측정하였다. 또한 장의 허혈-재관류에 따른 폐장내 $PLA_2$ 활성도의 변화를 검사하였고, 호중구에서의 산소기 형성에 미치는 group II $PLA_2$의 역할은 분리된 호중구에 rutin, manoalide, scalaradial과 같은 group II $PLA_2$ 억제제를 이용하여 산소기 생성이 억제됨을 확인함으로써 알아보았다. 장의 허혈-재관류에 따른 폐장 조직의 산화성 스트레스를 확인하기 위해 광학현미경법 및 cerium chloride를 이용한 세포화학적인 전자현미경법을 이용하여 폐장내 산소기의 생성을 확인하였다. 결과: 장의 허혈-재관류 후 폐장내 호중구의 침윤과 함께 급성 폐손상이 유발되었고, 폐장내 myeloperoxidase 활성도, 폐누출지수 및 폐세척액내의 단백함량이 대조군에 비해 유의하게 증가하였다(p<0.001). 폐장 및 장에서의 group II $PLA_2$ 활성도는 허혈-재관류 후 폐장, 장 모두에서 유의하게 증가하였고, rutin에 의해서 현저히 감소하였다(p<0.001). 사람의 혈액에서 분리된 호중구에서의 산소기 생성을 cytocrhome-c reduction assay를 통해 알아본 결과 rutin, manoalide, scalaradial 같은 group II PLA, 억제제에 의해 호중구의 산소기 생성이 감소함을 알 수 있었다. 허혈-재관류 후 광학현미경적 소견은 폐장내 염증세포의 침윤 및 모세혈관 주위의 부종이 관찰되었으나 rutin에 의해 이러한 변화는 억제되었다. $CeCl_3$을 이용한 세포화학적 전자현미경 실험에서 허혈-재관류 후 과산화수소의 생성이 증가하고 rutin에 의해서는 억제됨을 확인하였다. 결론: Croup II $PLA_2$의 억제는 침윤된 호중구로부터 산화기 생성을 억제함으로써 급성 폐손상을 완화하는 것으로 보이며, 따라서 group II $PLA_2$는 장 허혈-재관류로 유도된 급성 폐손상의 산화성 스트레스에서 중요한 역할을 하는 것으로 보인다.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제66권5호
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• pp.511-524
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• 2023

Objective : This animal model aimed to compare the rat group that received brain irradiation and did not receive additional treatment (only saline) and the rat group that underwent brain irradiation and received Granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) treatment. In addition, the effects of G-CSF on brain functions were examined by magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and histopathologically. Methods : This study used 24 female Wistar albino rats. Drug administration (saline or G-CSF) was started at the beginning of the study and continued for 15 days after whole-brain radiotherapy (WBRT). WBRT was given on day 7 of the start of the study. At the end of 15 days, the behavioral tests, including the three-chamber sociability test, open field test, and passive avoidance learning test, were done. After the behavioral test, the animals performed the MR spectroscopy procedure. At the end of the study, cervical dislocation was applied to all animals. Results : G-CSF treatment positively affected the results of the three-chamber sociability test, open-space test and passive avoidance learning test, cornu Ammonis (CA) 1, CA3, and Purkinje neuron counts, and the brain levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and postsynaptic density protein-95. However, G-CSF treatment reduced the glial fibrillary acidic protein immunostaining index and brain levels of malondialdehyde, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, nuclear factor kappa-B, and lactate. In addition, on MR spectroscopy, G-CSF had a reversible effect on brain lactate levels. Conclusion : In this first designed brain irradiation animal model, which evaluated G-CSF effects, we observed that G-CSF had reparative, neuroprotective and anti-neurodegenerative effects and had increased neurotrophic factor expression, neuronal counts, and morphology changes. In addition, G-CSF had a proven lactate-lowering effect in MR spectroscopy and brain materials.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.462-468
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• 2012

The present study was conducted with the object of examining how ST36 and LR3 electro acupuncture affects the injured side and the intact side in rats with sciatic nerve injury. For this study, we divided rats into a control group that were injured but not treated, experimental group I that were injured and had electro acupuncture on the intact side, experimental group II that were injured and had electro-acupuncture on the injured side, and experimental group III that were injured and had electro-acupuncture on both the intact side and the injured side, and performed behavioral and immunohistochemical tests. The results of this study are as follows. In the results of hot plate test, on Day 1 of experiment, experimental group I did not show a statistically significant difference but experimental group II and III showed a statistically significant difference, and on Day 2 and 3, all of experimental group I, II and III showed a statistically significant difference. In the results of SFI test, on Day 7 of experiment, experimental group I did not show a statistically significant difference but experimental group II and III showed a statistically significant difference, and on Day 14 and 21, all of experimental group I, II and III showed a statistically significant difference. In the results of immunohistochemical test, the expression of c-fos decreased gradually on Day 1, 2 and 3 in all the experimental groups, and the decrease was larger in the experimental groups that had electro-acupuncture than in the control group. In the results of immunohistochemical test, the expression of BDNF increased gradually on Day 7, 14 and 21 in all the experimental groups, and the expression was higher in the experimental groups than in the control group. Summing up the results, ST36 and LR3 electro acupuncture was effective when it was applied to the injured side and to both sides after sciatic nerve injury, but it was also effective in pain relief and nerve regeneration when it was applied to the intact side.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.715-722
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• 2009

The aim of this study was to investigate the safety of short-term use of Korean herbal medicine (KHM; prescribed herbal medicine by doctors of traditional Korean medicine) on liver function. Three hundred eighty four outpatients who took KHM for various conditions were enrolled for multi-center, prospective observational study. Of them 237 patients completed questionnaire and were checked liver function (aspartic aminotransferase;AST, alanine aminotransferase;ALT, alkaline phosphatase;ALP, total bilirubin;t-Bil, direct bilirubin;d-Bil, gamma glutamyltranspeptidase;GGT, protein and albumin) before and after taking KHM (duration; 21.4${\pm}$10.0 days), and data were analysed statistically. Of the 213 patients showing normal liver function test (LFT) at baseline, 209 (98.1%) remained within the normal range at the second test while 3 (1.4%) revealed slight increase of LFT. Only one subject had raised LFT regarding level of liver injury without perceived symptoms. Twenty-four of 237 patients were abnormal at baseline, and 16 at the second testing. Of the patients taking KHM, only 4 changed from normal to abnormal while 12 from abnormal to normal in their LFT. There were no significant increase in LFT level between the first and second test, except in the t-Bil level, however, the change of t-Bil was small and within normal range. The current study showed that the use of KHM did not increase the frequency of abnormal LFTs, at least in the short term.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.204-208
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• 2008

This study was performed to investigate the effect of the extracts from Injinoryng-San on liver injury patients induced by alcohol. Injinoryung-San was recorded the drug for jaundice at Hwang-Je-Nae-Kyung. Twenty-seven patients who have intaked alcohol above 40 g, every day, 5 years, twenty-seventy ages were selected. After take a written consent, we divide them into experimental groups and control groups by double blind test. Each groups was evaluated every 2 weeks(2,4,6 weeks). After 2 weeks, Injinoryung-San groups significantly decreased GGT in comparison with control groups(p<0.05). After 4 weeks, Injinoryung-San groups significantly decreased MCV, GGT in comparison with control groups(p<0,05). After 6 weeks, Injinoryung-San groups significantly decreased MCV in comparison with control groups(p<0.05). Reviewing these experimental results, it appears that extracts of Injinoryung-San have pharmaceutical efficacy in GGT, MCV on liver injury patients induced by alcohol. But it has not efficacy in AST, ALT. According to drinking alcohol has becomes social problems, we should effort to make efficacious oriental medicines on alcoholic hepatitis.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.209-216
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• 2013

Soybean polyunsaturated phosphatidylcholine (PC) is thought to exert anti-inflammatory activities and has potent effects in attenuating acute renal failure and liver dysfunction. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of PC in protecting multiple organ injury (MOI) from lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Six groups of rats (N=8) were used in this study. Three groups acted as controls and received only saline, hydrocortisone (HC, 6 mg/kg, i.v.) or PC (600 mg/kg, i.p.) without LPS (15 mg/kg, i.p.) injections. Other 3 groups, as the test groups, were administered saline, HC or PC in the presence of LPS. Six hours after the LPS injection, blood and organs (lung, liver and kidney) were collected from each group to measure inflammatory cytokines and perform histopathology and myeloperoxidase (MPO) assessment. Serum cytokines (TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-6 and IL-10) and MPO activities were significantly increased, and significant histopathological changes in the organs were observed by LPS challenge. These findings were significantly attenuated by PC or HC. The treatment with PC or HC resulted in a significant attenuation on the increase in serum levels of TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-6, pro-inflammatory cytokines, while neither PC nor HC significantly attenuated serum levels of IL-10, anti-inflammatory cytokine. In the organs, the enhanced infiltration of neutrophils and expression of ED2 positive macrophage were attenuated by PC or HC. Inductions of MPO activity were also significantly attenuated by PC or HC. From the findings, we suggest that PC may be a functional material for its use as an anti-inflammatory agent.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.921-933
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• 2007

This experiment was designed to investigate the effects of the KBCMT hot water extract & ultra-fine powder on Alzheimer's Disease Model Induced by ${\beta}A$. The effects of the KBCMT hot water extract on expression of $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6, $TNF-{\alpha}$, NOS-II, COX-2 mRNA and production of $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6, $TNF-{\alpha}$, NO in BV2 microglial cell line treated by lipopolysacchaide(LPS). The effects of the KBCMT hot water extract & ultra-fine powder on (1) the behavior (2) expression of $IL-1{\beta}$, $TNF-{\alpha}$, MDA, CD68 and CD11b; (3) AChE in serum (4) the infarction area of the hippocampus, and brain tissue injury in Alzheimer's diseased mice induced with ${\beta}A$ were investigated. The KBCMT hot water extract suppressed the expression of $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6 and $TNF-{\alpha}$ mRNA in BV2 microglia cell line treated with LPS. The KBCMT hot water extract suppressed the production of $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6, $TNF-{\alpha}$, NO in BV2 microglial cell line treated with LPS. The KBCMT hot water extract & ultra-fine powder a significant inhibitory effect on the memory deficit was shown for the mice with Alzheimer's disease induced by ${\beta}A$ in the Morris water maze experiment, which measured stop-through latency and distance movemet-through latency The KBCMT ultra-fine powder suppressed the expression of TNF-a protein significantly in the microglial cell of mice with Alzheimer's disease induced by ${\beta}A$. The KBCMT hot water extract & ultra-fine powder reduced the MDA and suppressed the over-expression of CD68, CD11b in the mice with Alzheimer's disease induced by ${\beta}A$. The KBCMT hot water extract & ultra-fine powder decreased AChE significantly in the serum of the mice with Alzheimer's disease induced by ${\beta}A$. The KBCMT hot water extract & ultra-fine powder reduced infarction area of hippocampus, and controlled the injury of brain tissue in the mice with Alzheimer's disease induced by ${\beta}A$. The KBCMT hot water extract & ultra-fine powder reduced the tau protein, GFAP, and presenilin1, 2 of hippocampus in the mice with Alzheimer's disease induced by ${\beta}A$. These results suggest that the KBCMT hot water extract & ultra-fine powder may be effective for the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Investigation into the clinical use of the KBCMT hot water extract & ultra-fine powder for Alzheimer's disease is suggested for future research.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.936-941
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• 2006

To prevent human body injury from oxidative stress, antioxidants are very important and many research about antioxidants are generally being conducted. Hydrogen peroxide$(H_20_2)$ that is one of vitality oxygen species has been seen that cause various diseases, DNA damage and gene change. We have already known that the inhibition effect of Zizania latifolia Radix, Rhizoma on apoptosis induced by $H_2O_2$ in Neuro2A cell. And the purpose of this study was that we made a comparative study on the inhibition effect of apoptosis in Neuro2A cell on the region of Zizania latifolia(Radix, Rhizoma, Herba). Neuro2A cells were cultivated in RPMI(GibcoBRL) with 5% FBS and treated with $H_2O_2$ and Zizania latifolia(Radix, Rhizoma, Herba). Separately we measured the cell viability and analyzed DNA fragmentation. Activity of PARP, Cytochrome C, caspase-9, caspase-3, p53, p21, Bax and Bcl-2 in the cell was examined by using western blot. The results obtained were as Follows: The cell viability in all of Zizania latifolia (Radix, Rhizoma, Herba) treatment (60ug/m1<) decreased significantly compared with that of none treatment(p<0.001). Zizania latifolia Radix increased cell viability was most effective of three regions. But we had no significant difference among three regions. All of Zizania latifolia (Radix, Rhizoma, Herba) increased cell viability about twice as much as that being injury by $H_2O_2$,(Zizania Latifolia (Radix, nhizoma, Herba) 20ug/m1, $H_2O_2$ 200uM, p<0.001). DNA fragmentation developed by $H_2O_2$, but was not developed in all of Zizania latifolia (Radix, Rhizoma, Herba) treatment. PARP, Cytochrome C, caspase-9 and caspase-3 activated all by $H_2O_2$ but were not activated in all of Zizania latifolia (Radix, Rhizoma, Herba) treatment. P53, P2l and Bax activated by $H_2O_2$, and Bcl-2 got into inactivation. But the opposite results appeared in all of Zizania latifolia (Radix, Rhizoma, Herba) treatment. In conclusion, these results suggest that all of Zizania latifolia (Radix, Rhizoma, Herba) inhibit the development of DNA fragmentation and apoptosis by $H_2O_2$and the antioridant action of all of Zizania latifolia (Radix, Rhizoma, Herba) is effective.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.688-699
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• 2007

This experiment was designed to investigate the effect of the SST hot water extract & ultra-fine Powder on Alzheimer's Disease Model Induced by ${\beta}$A. The effects of the SST hot water extract on expression of IL-1${\beta}$, IL-6, TNF-${\alpha}$, NOS-II, COX-2 mRNA and production of IL-l${\beta}$, IL-6, TNF-${\alpha}$, NO in BV2 microglial cell line treated by lipopolysacchaide(LPS). The effects of the SST hot water extract & ultra-fine powder on (1) the behavior (2) expression of IL-1${\beta}$, TNF-${\alpha}$, MDA, (3) Glucose, AChE in serum (4) the infarction area of the hippocampus, and brain tissue injury in Alzheimer's diseased mice induced with ${\beta}$A were investigated. The SST hot water extract suppressed the expression of IL-1${\beta}$, IL-6 and TNF-a mRNA ${\alpha}$in BV2 microglia cell line treated with LPS. The SST hot water extract suppressed the production of IL-1${\beta}$, IL-6, TNF-${\alpha}$, NO in BV2 microglial cell line treated with LPS. The SST hot water extract & ultra-fine powder a significant inhibitory effect on the memory deficit was shown for the mice with Alzheimer's disease induced by ${\beta}$A in the Morris water maze experiment, which measured stop-through latency. The SST ultra-fine powder suppressed the expression of TNF-a protein significantly in the microglial cell of mice with Alzheimer's disease induced by ${\beta}$A. The SST hot water extract & ultra-fine powder reduced the MDA and suppressed the over-expression of CD68, CD11b in the mice with Alzheimer's disease induced by ${\beta}$A. The SST hot water extract & ultra-fine powder decreased AChE significantly in the serum of the mice with Alzheimer's disease induced by ${\beta}$A. The SST hot water extract & ultra-fine powder reduced infarction area of hippocampus, and controlled the injury of brain tissue in the mice with Alzheimer's disease induced by ${\beta}$A. The SST hot water extract & ultra-fine powder reduced the tau protein, GFAP, and presenilin1, 2 of hippocampus in the mice with Alzheimer's disease induced by ${\beta}$A. These results suggest that the SST hot water extract & ultra-fine powder may be effective for the prevention and treatment of A1zheimer's disease. Investigation into the clinical use of the SST hot water extract & ultra-fine powder for Alzheimer's disease is suggested for future research.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.147-157
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• 2021

Coronary microembolization (CME) is associated with cardiomyocyte apoptosis and cardiac dysfunction. Puerarin confers protection against multiple cardiovascular diseases, but its effects and specific mechanisms on CME are not fully known. Hence, our study investigated whether puerarin pretreatment could alleviate cardiomyocyte apoptosis and improve cardiac function following CME. The molecular mechanism associated was also explored. A total of 48 Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into CME, CME + Puerarin (CME + Pue), sham, and sham + Puerarin (sham + Pue) groups (with 12 rats per group). A CME model was established in CME and CME + Pue groups by injecting 42 ㎛ microspheres into the left ventricle of rats. Rats in the CME + Pue and sham + Pue groups were intraperitoneally injected with puerarin at 120 mg/kg daily for 7 days before operation. Cardiac function, myocardial histopathology, and cardiomyocyte apoptosis index were determined via cardiac ultrasound, hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) and hematoxylin-basic fuchsin-picric acid (HBFP) stainings, and TdT-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) staining, respectively. Western blotting was used to measure protein expression related to the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt)/glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) pathway. We found that, puerarin significantly ameliorated cardiac dysfunction after CME, attenuated myocardial infarct size, and reduced myocardial apoptotic index. Besides, puerarin inhibited cardiomyocyte apoptosis, as revealed by decreased Bax and cleaved caspase-3, and up-regulated Bcl-2 and PI3K/Akt/GSK-3β pathway related proteins. Collectively, puerarin can inhibit cardiomyocyte apoptosis and thus attenuate myocardial injury caused by CME. Mechanistically, these effects may be achieved through activation of the PI3K/Akt/GSK-3β pathway.