• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.1685-1689
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• 2016

Physical wedges still can be used as missing tissue compensators or filters to alter the shape of isodose curves in a target volume to reach an optimal radiotherapy plan without creating a hotspot. The aim of this study was to investigate the dosimetric properties of physical wedges filters such as off-axis photon fluence, photon spectrum, output factor and half value layer. The photon beam quality of a 6 MV Primus Siemens modified by 150 and 450 physical wedges was studied with BEAMnrc Monte Carlo (MC) code. The calculated present depth dose and dose profile curves for open and wedged photon beam were in good agreement with the measurements. Increase of wedge angle increased the beam hardening and this effect was more pronounced at the heal region. Using such an accurate MC model to determine of wedge factors and implementation of it as a calculation algorithm in the future treatment planning systems is recommended.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.175-180
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• 2004

A prompt gamma-ray neutron activation (PGNA) system was simulated by the Monte Carlo N-Particle transport code (MCNP-4A) to estimate the level at which the scattered photon fluence rate, the absolute efficiency of the HPGe-detector, the volume of the concrete sample and the $^{35}$ /Cl(n, ${\gamma}$) reaction rate in this sample contribute to the count rate in the NaCl concentration measurement. The n- ${\gamma}$ fluence rates at the ST-2 beam tube exit of the HANARO reactor were used as input data, and the GAMMA-X type HPGe detector was modeled to tally 1.1649 MeV ${\gamma}$ -rays emitted from the $^{35}$ Cl(n, ${\gamma}$) reaction in the concrete sample. For three cylindrical concrete samples of 13.8, 46.8 and 157.1 ㎤ volumes, respectively, the relations between the NaCl weight fractions of 0.1, 1, 2 and 5 % in each of the concrete samples and the 1.1 649 MeV pulses created in the HPGe detector model were studied. As a result, it was found that the count rate at the same NaCl concentration nearly depends on the volume of the samples in a simulated condition of the same NaCl concentration samples, and that the linearities of the NaCl concentration calibration curves were reasonable in the narrow range of the NaCl weight fraction.

• 한국의학물리학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국의학물리학회 2002년도 Proceedings
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• pp.248-251
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• 2002

The intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) with a multileaf collimator (MLC) requires the conversion of a radiation fluence map into a leaf sequence file that controls the movement of the MLC during radiation treatment of patients. Patient dose verification is clinically one of the most important parts in the treatment delivery of the radiation therapy. The three dimensional (3D) reconstruction of dose distribution delivered to the target helps to verify patient dose and to determine the physical characteristics of beams used in IMRT. A new method is presented for the pretreatment dosimetric verification of two dimensional distributions of photon intensity by means of Beam Intensity Scanner System (BISS) as a radiation detector with a custom-made software for dose calculation of fluorescence signals from scintillator. The scintillator is used to produce fluorescence from the irradiation of 6MV photons on a Varian Clinac 21EX. The BISS reproduces 3D- relative dose distribution from the digitized fluoroscopic signals obtained by digital video camera-based scintillator(DVCS) device in the IMRT. For the intensity modulated beams (IMBs), the calculations of absorbed dose are performed in absolute beam fluence profiles which are used for calculation of the patient dose distribution. The 3D-dose profiles of the IMBs with the BISS were demonstrated by relative measurements of photon beams and shown good agreement with radiographic film. The mechanical and dosimetric properties of the collimating of dynamic and/or step MLC system alter the generated intensity. This is mostly due to leaf transmission, leaf penumbra and geometry of leaves. The variations of output according to the multileaf opening during the irradiation need to be accounted for as well. These phenomena result in a fluence distribution that can be substantially different from the initial and calculative intensity modulation and therefore, should be taken into account by the treatment planning for accurate dose calculations delivered to the target volume in IMRT.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.11-20
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• 1998

The propagation of light radiation in a turbid medium is an important problem that confronts dosimetry of therapeutic laser delivery and the development of diagnostic spectroscopy. Scattered light is measured as a function of the position(distance r, depth z) between the axis of the incident beam and the detection spot. Turbid sample yields a very forward-directed scattering pattern at short range of position from source to detector, whereas the thicker samples greatly attenuated the on-axis intensity at long range of position. The portions of scattered light reflected from or transmitted throughphantom depend upon internal reflectance and absorption properties of the phantom. Monte Carlo simulation method for modelling light transport in tissue is applied. It uses the photon is moved a distance where it may be scattered, absorbed, propagated, internally reflected, or transmitted out of tissue. The photon is repeatedly moved until it either escape from or is absorbed by the phantom. In order to obtain an optimum therapeutic ratio in phantom material, optimum control the light energy fluence rate is essential. This study is to discuss the physical mechanisms determining the actual light dose in phantom. Permitting a qualitative understanding of the measurements. It may also aid in designing the best model for laser medicine and application of medical engineering.

• 한국방사선학회논문지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.15-23
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• 2022

3D 프린팅 기술은 의료, 바이오 등 다양한 분야에서 활용되고 있으며, 최근 소재 개발을 통해 금속 분말이 함유된 물질 등이 상용화되고 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 모의실험을 통해 진단 X-선 검사 시 3D 프린팅 재료를 이용한 부가 여과 시 광자 스펙트럼을 분석하고자 한다. 몬테카를로 기법 중 MCNPX(ver. 2.5.0)를 이용하였으며, 첫 번째, 진단 분야에서의 X-선 스펙트럼 생성 프로그램인 SRS-78, SpekCalc를 통해 모의실험 내 발생된 광자 스펙트럼에 대한 적정성을 평가하였다. 두 번째, 금속분말이 함유된 3D 프린팅 재료에 대한 특성 평가를 위해 기존 Al, Cu 필터와 동일한 두께 내 광자 스펙트럼을 획득하였으며, 관전압 변화에 따른 광자 플루언스 및 평균 에너지 등을 비교 분석하였다. 그 결과, 동일한 여과 정도를 나타내기 위해 PLA-Al는 기존 Al 필터 대비 약 1.2 ~ 1.4배, PLA-Cu는 Cu 필터 대비 1.4 ~ 1.7배 정도의 두께가 필요한 것으로 분석되었다. 향후 본 연구를 토대로 의료분야 내 3D 프린팅 부가 필터 제작을 위한 기초 자료로서 활용될 수 있으리라 판단된다.

• 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전기학회 1995년도 하계학술대회 논문집 C
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• pp.1307-1310
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• 1995

During measurement of atomic hydrogen in a silane plasma using two-photon excited laser induced fluoresecence, laser-induced dissociation of the gas was observed. This was investigated untill conditions for the input laser fluence were determined where the effect was negligible. A measurement of the atomic hydrogen distribution was then performed within the limits of these conditions. Absolute density determinations showed atomic hydrogen densities of around $3{\times}10^{17}m^{-3}$.

• 한국레이저가공학회지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.7-12
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• 2005

The material processing of UV nanosecond pulse laser cannot be avoided the material shape change and contamination caused by interaction of base material and laser beam. Nowadays, ultra short pulse laser shorter than nanosecond pulse duration is used to overcome this problem. The advantages of this laser are no heat transfer, no splashing material, no left material to the adjacent material. Because of these characteristics, it is so suitable for micro material processing. The processing of sapphire wafer was done by UV 355nm, green 532nm, IR 1064nm. X-Y motorized stage is installed to investigate the proper laser beam irradiation speed and cycles. Also, laser beam fluence and peak power are calculated.

• 한국의학물리학회지:의학물리
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.317-325
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• 2012

Varian의 전자표탈영상장치(EPID, electronic portal imaging device) 검출기로 측정된 선량값은 PDIP알고리즘으로 예측된 선량 값과 비교하여 빔 중심으로부터 EPID 검출기 모서리로 갈수록 측정된 선량 값이 커지는 경향을 가지고 있다. 이를 손쉽게 임상에서 보정할 수 있는 축이탈보정(off-axis correction)알고리즘이 제안되어 본원에 설치된 Varian 선형가속기를 대상으로 적용하였다. $38{\times}28cm$의 조샤야를 열고 SSD 100 cm에서 6 MV, 15 MV 광자빔을 100 MU 조사하여 선량을 측정하고 이를 PDIP 알고리즘을 적용한 예측 선량과 비교하였다. 측정된 선량과 예측된 선량값의 비율을 축이탈거리의 4차 다항함수로 근사하여 가로선량분포 보정에 사용되는 $40{\times}40cm$ 주대각 빔 측정 데이터에 가중치로 두어 축이탈 보정을 실시했다. 보정전 $38{\times}28cm$ 조사면에서 계산된 선량값과 측정된 선량사이에는 6 MV 빔의 경우 $4.17{\pm}2.76$ CU, 15 MV 빔은 $3.23{\pm}2.59$ CU의 차이가 있었으나 보정 후 두 선량값의 차이는 각각 $0.18{\pm}0.8$ CU, $04{\pm}0.85$ CU로 1% 이내로 줄였다. PDIP 알고리즘 사용준비에 사용되는 피라미드 형태 유동량(fluence)의 감마 성공률(gamma pass rate)은 절대 선량 측정값을 기준으로 허용기준 4%, 4 mm에서 6 MV는 98.7%, 15 MV는 99.1%로 나타났으며 보정 후 각각 99.8%와 99.9%로 향상되었다. 축이탈 보정을 실시하고 임의로 두경부암과 전립선암의 세기조절방사선치료계획을 선정하여 세기조절방사선 치료의 정도관리를 진행했으며 보정 전과 비교하여 허용기준 3%, 3 mm에서 감마 성공률이 보정 전, 후 각각 두경부암: $94.7{\pm}3.2%$, $98.2{\pm}1.4%$ 및 전립선암: $95.5{\pm}2.6%$, $98.4{\pm}1.8%$로 평균적으로 3% 향상되었다. 축이탈보정은 EPID를 사용하는 세기조절 방사선치료의 정도관리에 있어 축이탈거리에 따른 계산된 선량값과 측정된 선량값의 차이를 효과적 보정하는 방법으로 임상에서 쉽게 적용하여 사용할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• 한국의학물리학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국의학물리학회 2003년도 제27회 추계학술대회
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• pp.64-64
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• 2003

Objectives: Patient dose verification is clinically the most important parts in the treatment delivery of radiation therapy. The three dimensional(3D) reconstruction of dose distribution delivered to target volume helps to verify patient dose and determine the physical characteristics of beams used in intensity modulated radiation therapy(IMRT). We present Beam Intensity Scanner(BInS) system for the pre treatment dosimetric verification of two dimensional photon intensity. The BInS is a radiation detector with a custom made software for relative dose conversion of fluorescence signals from scintillator. Methods: This scintillator is fabricated by phosphor Gadolinium Oxysulphide and is used to produce fluorescence from the irradiation of 6MV photons on a Varian Clinac 21EX. The digitized fluoroscopic signals obtained by digital video camera will be processed by our custom made software to reproduce 3D relative dose distribution. For the intensity modulated beam(IMB), the BInS calculates absorbed dose in absolute beam fluence, which are used for the patient dose distribution. Results: Using BInS, we performed various measurements related to IMRT and found the followings: (1) The 3D dose profiles of the IMBs measured by the BInS demonstrate good agreement with radiographic film, pin type ionization chamber and Monte Carlo simulation. (2) The delivered beam intensity is altered by the mechanical and dosimetric properties of the collimating of dynamic and/or static MLC system. This is mostly due to leaf transmission, leaf penumbra, scattered photons from the round edges of leaves, and geometry of leaf. (3) The delivered dose depends on the operational detail of how to make multileaf opening. Conclusions: These phenomena result in a fluence distribution that can be substantially different from the initial and calculative intensity modulation and therefore, should be taken into account by the treatment planing for accurate dose calculations delivered to the target volume in IMRT.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제55권6호
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• pp.1949-1958
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• 2023

The International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) Publication 116 was released to provide a comprehensive dataset of the dose coefficients (DCs) for external exposures produced with the adult reference voxel phantoms of ICRP Publication 110. Although an advanced skeletal dosimetry method for photons and neutrons using fluence-to-dose response functions (DRFs) was introduced in ICRP Publication 116, the ICRP-116 skeletal DCs were calculated by using the simple method conventionally used (i.e., doses to red bone marrow and endosteum approximated by doses to spongiosa and/or medullary cavities). In the present study, the photon and neutron DRFs were used to produce skeletal DCs of the ICRP-110 reference phantoms, which were then compared with the ICRP-116 DCs. For photons, there were significant differences by up to ~2.8 times especially at energies <0.3 MeV. For neutrons, the differences were generally small over the entire energy region (mostly <20%). The general impact of the DRF-based skeletal DCs on the effective dose calculations was negligibly small, supporting the validity of the ICRP-116 effective DCs despite their skeletal DCs derived from the simple method. Meanwhile, we believe that the DRF-based skeletal DCs could be beneficial in better estimates of skeletal doses of individuals for risk assessments.