• 환경위생공학
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.1-7
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• 1996

Mandelic acid is the major metabolite and phenylglyoxylic acid is the minor metabolite of styrene in human. This study was conducted to investigate the correlation between exposure concentrations of styrene and concentration of the metabolites in urine The concentrations of metabolites in urine and exposure concentrations were measured in 60 workers who were occupationally exposed to styrene in FRP industry as well as paint industry and musical instrument manufacturing industry and the concentrations of metabolites in urine ware measured in 90 workers not occupationally exposed to styrene for review the background level in the unexposed population. The results obtained were as follows; 1. The mean exposure concentration is 16.6 $\pm $12.2 ppm (range 0.4-49.9ppm) in the styrene exposed workers. 2. The concentration of mandelic acid in urine collected at the end of shift from worker exposed 8 hours to 50ppm of styrene, based on extrapolation from correlation equations was 578.5 mg/g creatinine and 176.8 mg/g creatinine for next morning urine, the concentration of phenylglyoxylic acid in urine collected at the end of shift was 291.1 mg/g creatinine, 177.9 mg/g creatinine in next morning urine. In the sum of mandelic acid and phenylglyoxylic acid in the urine 870.2 mg/g creatinine in urine sampled at the end of shift corresponds to an exposure of 50ppm of styrene and 366.0 mg/g creatinine for next morning sample corresponds to 50ppm. 3. The correlation of the degree of exposed with sum concentration of mandeliacid and phenylglyoxylic acid in the urine was better(r=0.079 for end of shift, r=0.78 for next morning) than the correlation with single determinant measurement in urine(r=0.75 for mandelic acid at end of shift, r=0.73 for mandelic acid at next morning, r=0.69 for phenylglyoxylic acid at end of shift, r=0.62 for phenylglyoxylic acid at next morning). The monitoring of sum concentration of mandelic acid and phenylglyoxylic acid in urine is a valuable indicator of time weighted average daily exposure ti styrene. And the exposure standard of urinary metabolites produced by styrene should be set, in distinction urine at the end of shift from urine at next morning.

• 분석과학
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.121-126
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• 2000

이 연구의 목적은, 톨루엔에 노출된 근로자의 생물학적모니터링에 있어 혼재하는 유기산의 종류와 분석방법에 따른 요중 마뇨산 분석값을 비교하여, 다른 유기산이 혼재할 경우 UV법으로 분석했을 때 일어날수 있는 방해효과를 측정하는데 있다. 마뇨산만 포함된 소변 표준시료와 마뇨산, 메틸마뇨산, 페닐글리옥실산, 만델산 등 각각 다른 유기용제의 대사물이 포함된 소변 표준시료를 UV법, HPLC법으로 분석하고 유기산의 방해효과(IE; Inteference Efect)를 계산하였다. 또한 이들 소변 표준시료에 대해 전국 100개 검진기관을 대상으로 한 외부정도관리 결과, 참가기관들이 사용한 분석방법에 따른 요중 마뇨산 분석값을 비교하였다. 톨루엔과 크실렌에 노출된 근로자의 소변을 UV법으로 분석할 경우 크실렌 대사물인 메틸마뇨산은 마뇨산 분석값에 영향을 주어, 마뇨산 농도 0.33 g/L에서 0.5-2.0 g/L의 농도로 공존시 60-82%의 방해 영향을 가진 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 스티렌 대사물인 만델산, 페닐글리옥실산은 마뇨산 분석값에 거의 영향이 없었다. 따라서 톨루엔과 크실렌이 함께 노출되는 경우 소변 모니터링시 UV법을 사용하는 것보다 GC법이나 HPLC법을 사용하는 것이 바람직하다. 특히 특수검진기관의 의무 보유장비인 GC법은 경제적이고 신속하며 정확도가 높은 방법으로 UV법에 대체하여 사용할 수 있는 것으로 나타났다.

• 월간산업보건
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• 통권326호
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• pp.66-67
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• 2015

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.863-875
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• 1996

In order to prepare the fundamental data for the health promotion by assessing the exposure level of styrene, the author determined the concentration of mandelic acid and phenylglyoxylic acid in urine of 42 workers who were exposed to styrene by high performance liquid chromatography and surveyed 16 symptoms, by questionnaire and also tested neurobehavioral test(digit symbol, benton visual retention) in 2 FRP plants of Kyung Nam area from July to September, 1995. Control was sampled by age sex matching method. The concentration of styrene in air was determined by gas chromatography. The results were as follows; 1. Geometric mean concentration of styrene in air was 17.4ppm, geometric mean concentration of mandelic acid(MA) in urine were 404.3mg/g creatinine for exposure group, 46.4mg/g creatinine for control group, geometric mean concentration of phenylglyoxylic acid(PGA) in urine were 57.5mg/g creatinine for exposure group, 9.5mg/g creatinine for control group. Mean concentration of MA and PGA showed statistically significant difference between exposure group and control group(p<0.01). 2. Number of symptom were 2.9 for exposure group, 3.3 for control group, number of digit symbol were 24.1 for exposure group, 32.5 for control group, number of Benton visual retention test were 6.1 for exposure group, 6.0 for control group, respectively. As result of adjusting the education year, number of Benton visual retention test showed statistically significant difference between exposure group and control group(p<0.05). 3. Excellent correlation were observed between environmental styrene exposure and urinary MA(r=0.80), PGA(r=0.73), and MA+PGA(r=0.81).

• Safety and Health at Work
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• 제2권3호
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• pp.229-235
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• 2011

Objectives: In this study, we summarized the External Quality Assessment Scheme (EQAS) for the biological monitoring of occupational exposure to toxic chemicals which started in 1995 and continued until a $31^{st}$ round robin in the spring of 2010. The program was performed twice per year until 2009, and this was changed to once a year since 2010. The objective of the program is to ensure the reliability of the data related to biological monitoring from analytical laboratories. Methods: One hundred and eighteen laboratories participated in the $31^{st}$ round robin. The program offers 5 items for inorganic analysis: lead in blood, cadmium in blood, manganese in blood, cadmium in urine, and mercury in urine. It also offers 10 items for organic analysis, including hippuric acid, methylhippuric acid, mandelic acid, phenylglyoxylic acid, N-methylformamide, N-methylacetamide, trichloroacetic acid, total trichloro-compounds, trans,trans-muconic acid, and 2,5-hexanedione in urine. Target values were determined by statistical analysis using consensus values. All the data, such as chromatograms and calibration curves, were reviewed by the committee. Results: The proficiency rate was below 70% prior to the first round robin and improved to over 90% for common items, such as PbB and HA, while those for other items still remained in the range of 60-90% and need to be improved up to 90%. Conclusion: The EQAS has taken a primary role in improving the reliability of analytical data. A total quality assurance scheme is suggested, including the validation of technical documentation for the whole analytical procedure.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.103-108
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• 2019

Background: This study was designed to provide logical backgrounds for the revision of biological exposure indices (BEIs) for styrene exposure in Korea. In order to investigate the correlation between airborne styrene and biological exposure indices, we measured urinary mandelic acid (MA) and phenylglyoxylic acid (PGA) in workers exposed to styrene occupationally, as well as airborne styrene at workplaces. Methods: Surveys were conducted for 56 subjects. The concentrations of airborne styrene and urinary metabolites of styrene were measured in 36 workers who were occupationally exposed to styrene, and in 20 controls. Air samples were collected using personal air samplers and analyzed by gas chromatography. Urine samples were collected at the end of the shift and analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography. Results: The geometric mean concentration of airborne styrene was 9.6 ppm. The concentrations of urinary MA, PGA, and MA+PGA in the exposure group were 267.7, 143.3, and 416.8 mg/g creatinine, respectively. The correlation coefficients for correlation between airborne styrene and MA, PGA, and MA+PGA were 0.714, 0.604, and 0.769, respectively. The sum of urinary MA and PGA corresponding to an exposure of 20 ppm styrene was 603 mg/g creatinine. Conclusion: The correlation of the sum of urinary MA and PGA with airborne styrene was better than the correlation of each individual urinary determinant. It is considered appropriate to amend the concentration of urinary MA+PGA to 600 mg/g creatinine as a BEI, which corresponds to an airborne styrene concentration of 20 ppm in Korea.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.355-361
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• 2015

The aim of this study was to investigate whether genetic polymorphisms of CYP2E1, GSTM1, and GSTT1 and lifestyle habits (smoking, drinking, and exercise) modulate the levels of urinary styrene metabolites such as mandelic acid (MA) and phenylglyoxylic acid (PGA) after occupational exposure to styrene. We recruited 79 male workers who had received chronic exposure in styrene fiberglass-reinforced plastic manufacturing factories. We found that serum albumin was significantly correlated with blood styrene/ambient styrene (BS/AS), urinary styrene (US)/AS, and US/BS ratios as well as urinary metabolites, that total protein correlated with US/MA and US/PGA ratios, and that low density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol significantly correlated with US/BS, US/MA, and US/PGA ratios. Multiple logistic regression analyses using styrene-metabolizing enzyme genotypes and lifestyle habits as dependent variables and blood and urine styrene concentrations and urine styrene metabolite levels as independent variables revealed that $CYP2E1^*5$ was associated with the MA/US ratio and GSTM1 with US/BS, that a smoking habit was associated with US/AS and MA/US ratios and MA and PGA levels, and that regular exercise was correlated with PGA/US. In conclusion, the results suggested that genetic polymorphisms of styrene-metabolizing enzymes, lifestyle behaviors, and albumin and LDL-cholesterol serving as homeostasis factors together are involved in styrene metabolism.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제50권1호
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• pp.25-35
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• 2024

Background: There are concerns about the health effects of various environmental pollution exposures among residents living near coal-fired power plants (CFPP). Objectives: This study attempted to compare the concentrations of heavy metals in blood and urine and those of urinary volatile organic compound (VOC) metabolites according to the residential separation distance. Methods: Participants in the study totaled 334 people who have lived for more than 10 years in areas within 10 km of a CFPP. The separation distance was analyzed in quartiles by dividing it into Q1 (88 people), Q2 (89 people), Q3 (89 people), and Q4 (68 people). We explained the purpose of this study to the participants and collected blood and urine after obtaining signatures on a participation agreement. Results: The study participants were 102 males (30.5%) and 232 females (69.5%), with an average age of 71. The average length of residence and distance were 43.8 years and 4,800 meters. The geometric mean concentrations of Pb, Cd, and Hg in blood and As and Cd in urine were respective 1.35 ㎍/dL, 1.43 ㎍/L, 3.16 ㎍/L. They were 167.88 ㎍/g for creatinine and 1.58 ㎍/g creatinine. The metabolite concentrations of VOCs were 50.67 ㎍/g creatinine in t, t-muconic acid (t, t-MA), 10.73 ㎍/g creatinine in benzyl mercapturic acid, 317.05 ㎍/g creatinine in phenylglyoxylic acid, 123.55 ㎍/g creatinine in methylhippuric acid, and 190.82 ㎍/g creatinine in mandelic acid. The concentration of Pb in the blood and Cd and t, t-MA in the urine of residents within affected area of the CFPP showed statistically significant differences among distance groups. Conclusions: The concentration of urinary VOCs metabolites, especially t, t-MA, differed according to the distance groups of residents within the affected area of CFPP (p<0.05).

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.161-170
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• 1997

본 연구는 사업장 근로자의 스타이렌 폭로수준과 이에 따른 biological monitoring 농도의 변화를 알기 위하여 시도되었다. 조사대상자는 FRP공장, 함침작업공장, 피막도포작업공장에 종사하는 남자근로자 64명과 여자근로자 44명이며 포집 및 분석기간은 1995년 6월 15일부터 9월 30일까지 였다. 일반적 특성중 연령, 성별, 근무경력, 음주량, 흡연량은 설문지를 이용하였고 신장과 체중은 개인건강기록표를, 스타이렌 환경폭로농도를 알기 위하여는 확산형 포집기를 사용하였으며, 생물학적 감시물질의 폭로수준을 알기 위하여 혈액과 소변을 채취하여 혈중 스타이렌, 요중 mandelic acid(MA)와 phenylglyoxylic acid(PGA)을 분석하였다. 평균폭로농도는 21.0ppm으로 저농도였으며 사업장별로는 선박관련업체가, 작업방법으로는 적층작업이, 작업형태는 주작업에서 가장 높은 폭로를 보였으며 대상자 중 11%가 허용기준 이상으로 폭로되었다. 환경폭로수준과 혈중 스타이렌의 상관성은 0.620이었고 creatinine으로 보정한 phenylglyoxylic acid와는 0.702로 가장 높은 상관성을 보였다. 혈중 스타이렌과 요중 대사산물의 상관관계는 MA+PGA에서 가장 높은 상관성을 보였다. 생물학적 대사산물의 변화를 설명하는 독립변수들 중 환경폭로농도가 가장 중요하였으며 특히 MA와 MA+PGA에서는 성별 역시 중요한 변수였다. 생물학적 대사산물에 대한 독립변수의 설명력은 모두 31% 이상이었으며 그중 혈중 스타이렌은 49.1%로 가장 높았다. 요중 대사산물을 보정여부에 따른 상관성을 본 결과 모두 0.95이상을 보였다. 이상을 종합한 바 스타이렌 취급작업장의 공기중 농도를 측정할 때 확산포집기로도 사용할 수 있으며, 요의 생물학적 지표에서는 비중으로 보정한 경우가 creatinine으로 보정한 것의 대안으로 사용할 수 있고 또한 요중 MA 및 PGA를 이용하여 폭로 근로자의 폭로농도를 예측할 수 있으므로 이를 스타이렌 취급근로자에 적극적인 활용이 필요한 것으로 제시할 수 있다.

• 대한임상검사과학회지
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• 제40권2호
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• pp.147-152
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• 2008

Due to the development and expansion of industries and medical standards, the number of workers who handle organic solvents within hospitals is increasing. The authors in this study intended to investigate the actual conditions of the handling of the solvents and to encourage the recognition that the exposure to such solvents may be possible because of insensitivity to safety. In order to investigate the actual conditions of exposure of workers within hospitals, the experimental group included the three sections (Pathology department, Central Supply Room, and Operating Room), which handle organic solvents most frequently. Meanwhile, university interns were selected to be the control group. This study was conducted between May 1 to May 30, 2007, and urine was taken as samples. Hippuric acid, mandelic acid, methylhippuric acid, and phenylglyoxylic acid were analyzed through gas chromatography, and a total of 52 subjects of the experimental and the control groups were performed of the analysis. As for the results of the analysis of the experimental group, the exposure to benzene was $42.27{\pm}3.70mg/g$ creatinine, that of xylene was $1.30{\pm}0.18g/g$ creatinine, and that of toluene was $2.36{\pm}0.24g/g$ creatinine. Meanwhile, the results of the analysis of the control group showed that the exposure to benzene was $15.54{\pm}2.85mg/g$ creatinine, that of xylene was $0.52{\pm}0.02g/g$ creatinine, and that of toluene was $0.85{\pm}0.20g/g$ creatinine. The amount of exposure to benzene, xylene, and toluene was shown to be under the maximum permitted level, but as for Pathology department, it was required to educate on working conditions, to educate workers on prevention management about their health, and to install fume hood and exhaust system to improve the environments.