• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.119-127
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• 1985

여러 가지 Escherchia coli 변이주의, glucose 와 ammonium염과 같은 간단한 기질로부터 방향족 아미노산 특히 phenylanine을 생합성하는 능력을 비교 검토한 결과 방향족 아미노산 생합성과정중 common pathway의 첫 번째 반응이 phenylanine 생합성에 가장 큰 영향을 준다는 것을 확인하였다. 따라서 관계효소인 DAHP synthase의 효소활성과 생합성에 관련된 각종 대사 제어작용을 효과적으로 제거시킴으로서 phenylalanine 생산량을 크게 높일 수 있었으며 더욱이 phenylalanine terminal pathway의 첫 단계 반응을 촉매하는 prephenate de-hydratase의 효소활성과 효소생합성에 관련된 제어 작용도 동시에 제거하면 phenylalanine생산이 상승적으로 증가됨을 보였다. 한편 방향족아미노산의 transport system에 관계하는 arop유전자의 변이는 phenylalanine생산을 크게 저하시키는 효과를 나타내었다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제4권4호
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• pp.39-46
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• 1971

Iso-butyl bromide의 합성을 시작으로 D.L-1-amino-3-methylbutylphosphonic acid의 합성을, Diethyl phophite의 합성을 시작으로 D.L-1-amino-2-phenyl ethylphosphonic acid의 합성을 하였다. 합성되어진 필수 아미노산인 Isoleucine analogue phosphonic acid는 각각 0.2%, 0.4%를 식이에 첨가했고 Phenylalanine analogue phosphonic acid는 0.35%와 0.7%를 각각 첨가하였으며 Standard-1과 Standard-2군과 비교군인 Isoleucine 0.2%와 0.4% Phenylalanine 0.35%와 0.7%군으로써 총 100마리의 숫쥐로 각 7주씩 14주의 사육 실험을 하였다. 동물 사육 기간내의 뇨채취와 사육후의 각 장기의 채취로써 총 질소와 P, glycogen측정을 시도하였다. 이러한 일련의 실험결과 (1) D.L-1-amino-3-methylbuthylphosphonic acid나D.L-1-amino-2-phenylethylphosphonic acid의 유기 합성에 있어서는 다 수율이 낮고 상당히 높은 융점을 보였으며 ${\alpha}-NH_2$기가 Ninhydrin 반응에 예민했다. (2) Aminophosphonic acid의 첨가군(D.L-1-amino-3-methylbutyl phosphonic acid, D.L-1-amino-2-Phenylethylphosphonic acid)에서나 Amino acid(Isoleucine, Phenylalanine)첨가군에 있어서 모든 장기의 무게, 총체내질소 보유율, 간장내 총단백질량과 인의양, 및 뇨를 통한 인의 배설량에 각각 큰 차이를 보이지 않았다. 이로 보아서 Phenylalanine Aminophosphonic acid나 Isoleucine aminophosphonic acid가 다 보통 아미노산인 Isoleucine이나 Phenylalanine에 못지않게 체내에서 이용됨이 밝혀졌다. (3) 그러나 Phenylalanine aminophosphonic acid 첨가군이 간의 glycogen 함량에 있어서 Phenylalanine 첨가군과 Standard군과 비교해 보았을때 높았으며 이는 통계적인 유의성을 나타냈다.(<0.05) 이는 Phenylalanine Aminophosphonic Acid가 active state로써 간내에서 쉽게 이용되어서 Tricarboxylic cycle의 intermediate로 incorporate되는 경향으로 생각 할 수 있다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제23권8호
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• pp.1055-1059
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• 2013

The ectomycorrhizal fungus Tricholoma matsutake grows symbiotically with Pinus densiflora. Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (E.C. 4.3.1.24) catalyzes the conversion of L-phenylalanine to trans-cinnamic acid. The role of fungal phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, however, has not been clear until now. In this study, the gene encoding phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), which was isolated from T. matsutake, was cloned and characterized. The PAL gene (tmpal) consists of 2,160 nucleotides, coding for a polypeptide containing 719 amino acid residues. The deduced amino acid sequence of tmpal from T. matsutake shows high identity (70%) with that from Laccaria bicolor. Comparative analysis of the PAL genes among T. matsutake and other species of the class Agaricomycetes showed that both active sites and binding sites were significantly conserved among these genes. The transcriptional analysis of the PAL gene revealed a differential gene expression pattern depending on the developmental stages (mycelium, primordium, stipe, pileus, and gills) of T. matsutake. These results suggest that the PAL gene in T. matsutake plays an important role in multiple physiological functions.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.104-110
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• 2009

Phenylketonuria (PKU) is an inherited metabolic disorder caused by mutations in the phenylalanine catabolic enzyme, phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH). The use of phenylalanine ammonia-lase (PAL) by oral and parenteral routes as a therapeutic drug for PKU has been severely limited due to inactivation by intestinal proteolysis and immune reactions. PEGylation was applied to PAL to reduce the degrees of antigenicity and proteolytic inactivation. Kinetic experiments with native PAL and pegylated PALs were performed, and pH stability, temperature stability, and protease susceptibility were evaluated. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was carried out to measure the immune complex between pegylated PALs and antiserum that had been extracted from a PAL-immunized mouse. Pegylated PAL, especially branched pegylated PAL (10 kDa, 1:32), was more active for phenylalanine and more stable in pancreatic proteases than native PAL. Native PAL was optimal at pH 8.5, corresponding to the average pH range of the small intestine; the same finding was noted for pegylated PALs. All linear and branched pegylated PALs had low reactivity with mouse antiserum, especially the 1:16 formulation with linear 5-kDa PEG and the 1:32 formulation with branched 10-kDa PEG. Therefore, we suggest the 1:32 formulation with branched 10-kDa PEG as the most promising formulation for enzyme replacement therapy.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2011년도 제41회 하계 정기 학술대회 초록집
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• pp.216-216
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• 2011

We will investigate the bonding configurations of phenylalanine and tyrosine adsorbed on the Ge(100) surface using CLPES and DFT calculations. First, the C 1s, N 1s, and O 1s spectra obtained at 300 K revealed that both the amine and carboxyl groups of phenylalanine and tyrosine concurrently participated in adsorption on the Ge(100) surface without bond breaking using CLPES, depending on the extent of coverage. In the second place, we confirmed that the "O-H dissociated-N dative bonded structure" is the most stable structure implying kinetically favorable structure, and the "O-H dissociation bonded structure" is another stable structure manifesting thermodynamically advantageous structure using DFT calculations. This tendency turns up both phenylalanine and tyrosine, similarly. Furthermore, through the CLPES data and DFT calculation data, we discovered that the "O-H dissociated-N dative bonded structure" and the "O-H dissociation bonded structure" are preferred at 0.30 ML and 0.60 ML, respectively. Moreover, we found that the phenyl ring of phenylalanine is located in axial position to Ge(100) surface, but the phenyl ring of tyrosine is located in parallel to Ge(100) surface using DFT calculations.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.59-70
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• 1981

Phenylketonuria (PKU)의 여러가지 특성(特性)을 연구(硏究)하기 위(爲)하며 신생(新生)쥐에 실험적(實驗的)으로 PKU를 유도(誘導)시키는 방법(方法)을 실험(實驗)하였다. 신생(新生)쥐에 생후(生後) 2일부터 5일까지는 체중(體重) kg당 400mg의 Phenylalanine을, 6일부터 14일까지는 500mg의 Phenylalanine을 오전(午前) 6시(時)부터 매(每) 6시간(時間)마다 위(胃)에서 주입(注入)시켰으며 생후(生後) 3일부터 14일까지는 체중(體重) kg당 0.00625~0.0125mg의 amethopterin을, 5일부터 14일까지는 체중(體重) kg 당 50mg의 P-chlorophenylalanine을 오전(午前) 및 오후(午後) 9시(時) 매일(每日) 2회 투여(投與)한후 Phenylalanine/tyrosine (P/T), 와 여러가지 외관적(外觀的)인 증상(症狀)을 조사(調査)한 결과(結果) Phenylalanine, amethopterin및 P-chlorophenylalanine을 동시(同時)에 투여(投與)한 경우는 P/T-비(比)가 정상치이상(正常値以上)으로 증가(增加)됨과 동시(同時)에 비정상적(非正常的)인 자세(姿勢), 비틀거리는 걸음걸이와 같은 PKU 증상(症狀)이 나타났으나 Phenylanine이나 저해제(沮害制) 단독투여시(單獨投與時)는 PKU 증상(症狀)이 나타나지 않았다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제20권10호
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• pp.1517-1524
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• 2007

The [$^2H_5$]phenylalanine model was compared with the [1-$^{13}C$]leucine method to determine whole body protein synthesis (WBPS) and degradation (WBPD) in sheep fed at two levels. The animals were fed either 103 (M-diet) or 151 (H-diet) kcal $ME/kg^{0.75}/day$ once daily in a crossover design for 21 days each. The isotope dilutions were simultaneously conducted as a primed-continuous infusion of [$^2H_5$]phenylalanine, [$^2H_2$]tyrosine and [1-$^{13}C$]leucine on each dietary treatment. The WBPS and WBPD calculated from the [$^2H_5$]phenylalanine model were lower (p = 0.009 and p = 0.003, respectively) than those calculated from the [1-$^{13}C$]leucine method. The WBPS tended to be higher (p = 0.08) and WBPD was numerically higher (p = 0.33) for H-diet than M-diet in the [$^2H_5$]phenylalanine model, whereas the WBPS was numerically higher (p = 0.37) for H-diet and WBPS remained similar (p = 0.79) between diets in the [1-$^{13}C$]leucine method. However, the absolute values and the directions of WBPS as well as WBPD from M-diet to H-diet were comparable between the [$^2H_5$]phenylalanine model and [1-$^{13}C$]leucine method. Moreover, the values vary depending on the use of the respective amino acid contents in the carcass protein when calculating WBPS and WBPD. Therefore, it is concluded that the [$^2H_5$]phenylalanine model could be used as an alternative to the [1-$^{13}C$]leucine method for the determination of WBPS and WBPD in sheep.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.306-310
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• 2006

토양 미생물인 방선균의 배양액으로부터 그람양성균에 대해 항균활성을 가지는 항균성 물질을 탐색하였다. 2,500주의 방선균 배양액을 탐색하여 항균성 물질 생산균주 Streptomyces sp. G9l353을 분리하였고, 그로부터 생산된 항균성 물질인 A91353을 분리 정제하였다. A91353은 다양한 구조해석 연구에 의하여 N-acetyl-phenylalanine으로 동정되었으며 Sc. pyogenes 308A, Sc. pyogenes 77A 등과 같은 그람양성균에 대해 선택적이며, D-alanyl-D-alanine과 상호작용 하여 그람양성균의 세포벽 합성을 저해하는 것으로 사료된다. N-acetyl-phenylalanine의 최소생육저해 농도는 그람양성균에 대해서 $50{\mu}g/ml$ 이었으며, 그람음성균에 대한 활성은 나타나지 않았다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제33권11호
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• pp.1770-1778
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• 2020

Objective: This study was conducted to reveal potential metabolic differences of dairy cows fed corn stover (CS) and rice straw (RS) instead of alfalfa hay (AH) as main forage source. Methods: Thirty multiparous mid-late lactation Holstein dairy cows were selected and randomly assigned to three diets, AH, CS, or RS (n = 10). After 13 weeks of the feeding trial, coccygeal arterial and superficial epigastric venous plasma samples were collected before morning feeding for gas chromatography time-of-flight/mass spectrometry analyses. Results: In the artery, 8 and 13 metabolites were detected as differential metabolites between AH and CS, and between AH and RS, respectively. The relative abundance of phenylpropanoate (log₂fold change [FC]) = 1.30, 1.09), panthenol (log₂FC = 2.36, 2.20), threitol (log₂FC = 1.00, 1.07), and 3,7,12-trihydroxycoprostane (log₂FC = 0.79, 0.78) were greater in both CS and RS than in AH, and tyrosine (log₂FC = -0.32), phenylalanine (log₂FC = -0.30), and pyruvic acid (log₂FC = -0.30) were lower in RS than in AH. In the vein, 1 and 7 metabolites were detected as differential metabolites between AH and CS, and between AH and RS, respectively. By comparing AH and RS, we found that metabolic pathways of phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan biosynthesis and phenylalanine metabolism were enriched by integrative artery and vein analysis. Furthermore, AH and RS, arterial phenylpropanoate and 4-hydroxyproline were positively, and phenylalanine was negatively correlated with milk urea nitrogen. Finally, in AH and CS, arterial panthenol was negatively correlated with feed efficiency. Conclusion: Arterial metabolic profiles changed more than those in the veins from animals on three forage diets, differing in amino acids. We found that phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan biosynthesis and phenylalanine metabolism were restricted when cows were fed low-quality cereal straw diets.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.433-438
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• 1991

Phenylalanine 고생산용 plasmid pSY130-14는 $\lambda$-phage 유래 온도감수성을 가지고 있으므로 $cI_{857}$ repressor와 PL과 PR을 온도를 올려 phenylalanine의 생산을 유도한다. pSY130-14를 갖는 E.coli AT2471은 kanamycin 무첨가, $38.5^{\circ}C$, 48시간에서 약 30%로 plasmid가 없어지며 첨가에서 안정성이 떨어졌다가 배양시간과 더불어 올라갔는데, 이것은 생육에 피요한 kanamycin gene과 ori만이 남는 것으로 생각된다.