• 한국농업기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국농업기계학회 2017년도 춘계공동학술대회
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• pp.101-101
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• 2017

Beta-glucan is a polymerized polysaccharide on beta-1,3 chemical bonds. It has the main pharmacological action of various anticancer mushrooms and is colorless and odorless. In addition, it enhances phagocytosis of macrophages against mycobacterium tuberculosism and increases resistance of host against food poisoning bacteria. Owing to these advantages, beta-glucan was used in various health supplement foods such as immune boosters, hypotensive agent and hypoglycemic agent. Our study was aimed to investigate the effective components of beta-glucan, which was optimized via the contents of Sarcodon aspratus and rice bran. First, the mixture ratio condition of Sarcodon aspratus and rice bran were respectively 10:0, 7:3, 5:5, 3:7, and 0:10. The raw materials were fabricated using hot water extraction method. Distilled water of 100 mL was added to the raw material and extracted. After the extraction processed, the content of effective components was analyzed. The absorbance of beta-glucan was measured using a beta-glucan kit (Megazyme, (1-3) (1-4) BETA-D-GLUCAN ASSAY KIT). The absorbance analysis was repeated three times for accurate analysis. After the extracts were lyophilized, the yields of extracted raw materials according to the mixture ratio conditions of Sarcodon aspratus and rice bran (10:0, 7:3, 5:5, 3:7, and 0:10) were respectively 33.1%, 34.5%, 35.3%, 30.7%, and 24.3%. The absorbance was 1.52, 1.47, 1.50, 1.79, and 1.56, respectively. As a result, the optimum ratio of beta-glucan is 3:7 at Sarcodon aspratus and rice bran. This study suggested that the optimal amount of beta-glucan could be used as a health supplement foods and food additive such as immune boosters, hypotensive agent and hypoglycemic agent. However, the new condition (temperature, time) of hot water extraction to maximize the content of beta-glucan could be considered, could be necessary to compare with the existing extracts.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.238-254
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• 1994

Cyclosporine A is an immunosuppressant commonly used for patients receiving organ transplants. Gingival overgrowth is an adverse side-effect seen in about 8-26% of patients taking cyclosporine A which have been shown to increase the DNA synthesis of gingival fibroblast at the concentration of $10^{-9}g/ml$ in vitro. Glycyrrhetinic acid is the active pharmacological ingredients of licorice which exerts steroid-like action and anti-viral activity. Oleanolic acid, which were isolated from Glechoma hederacea, has been shown to act as inhibitors of tumor promotion in vivo and to be less cytotoxic retinoic acid. This study has been performed to evaluate the effects of glycyrrhetinic acid and oleanolic acid on cyclosporine A induced cell activity in vitro. Human gingival fibroblasts were isolated from explant cultures of healthy gingiva of orthodontic patients. Gingival fibroblasts were trypsinized and transferred to the walls of microtest plates. Fibroblasts were cultured in growth medium added $10^{-9}g/ml$ cyclosporineA and $50{\mu}l/ml$ lipopolysaccharides. Cells between the 4th and 6th transfer in culture were used for this study. The morphology of gingival fibroblst were examined by inverted microscope. The effects of cyclosporine A on the time course of DNA sythesis by human gingival fibroblasts were assessed by $[^3H]-thymidine$ uptake assays. Cyclosporine A was found to stimulate DNA synthesis of human gingival fibroblast at a concentration of $10^{-9}g/ml$. In the presence of lipopolysaccharide derived from Fusobacterium nucleatum, addition of cyclosporine A results in reversal of inhibition at the concentration which normally inhibits gingival fibroblast proliferation. The cell acitivities in the presence of glycyrrhetinic acid and oleanolic acid were decreased, and increased cell acitivities by cyclosporine A were decreased by glycyrrhetinic acid and oleanolic acid at the concentration of $200{\mu}g/ml$. These results suggested that the increased cell activities by cyclosporine A modulated by glycyrrhetinic acid and oleanolic acid.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.22-28
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• 2017

Background: To date, the anti-wrinkle efficacy of phellodendri cortex has not been defined. In this study, we investigated the nitric oxide (NO) production and elastase inhibitory activities of 80% methanol extract of Phellodendri cortex and its ethyl acetate fraction. Methods and Results: We prepared 80% methanol extract, and its fractions from phellodendri cortex. The treatment of RAW 264.7 cell with $25{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ 80% methanol extract and ethyl acetate fraction resulted in no toxicity. We conducted assays of nitric oxide (NO) production and elastase inhibition. In the NO production assay, the ethyl acetate fraction showed an inhibitory effect approximately 17 times stronger than the 80% methanol extract. In elastase inhibitory assay, the ethyl acetate fraction also showed a stronger effect than the 80% methanol extract. In order to standardize the extract and fraction, we used TLC to separate the extract and observed the plate under UV light. We confirmed that the known pharmacological ingredients berberine, and palmatine in the 80% methanol extract and the ethyl acetate fraction. Conclusions: These results indicated that phellodendri cortex extract and its ethyl acetate fraction produced strong inhibitory effect on elastase and NO production.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제16권6호
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• pp.1143-1150
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• 2002

Recent evidence suggests that many Oriental Medicinal prescriptions are effective in cancer patients as a supportive care. Oriental Medicinal herbs have been investigated extensively and are known to have multiple pharmacological effect. These herbs contain a variety of ingredients which may act synergistically to inhibit tumor cell division, to increase tumor cell death (apoptosis), and to increase the proportion of immune cells within tumor. Paljinhangahm-dan (Paljin) has been used to treat for cancer patients in Oriental Medicine for decades. The effects of aqueous extract of Paljin on the induction of apoptotic cell death were investigated in human leukemia cell lines (HL-60, Jurkat, Molt-4 and U937). The viability of leukemia cells was markedly decreased by Paljin in a dose-dependent manner. Paljin induced the apoptotic death of leukemia cells, which was characterized by the ladder-pattern DNA fragmentation, and chromatin condensation of the nuclei. Paljin digested Bid protein but did not affect Bcl-2 protein level and also, induced mitochondrial dysfunction disrupted as shown as the mitochondrial membrane potential. It activated caspase-9 and caspase-3. thereby resulted in cleavage of poly(ADP) ribose polymerase(PARP). These results indicate that Paljin induces apoptosis of human leukemia cells via activation of intrinsic caspase cascades with mitochondrial dysfunction.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.1891-1898
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• 2016

Imperata cylindrica, a tall tufted grass which has multiple pharmacological applications is one of the key ingredients in various traditional medicinal formula used in India. Previous reports have shown that I. cylindrica plant extract inhibited cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in various cancer cell lines. To our knowledge, no studies have been published on the effect of I. cylindrica leaf extract on human oral cancers. The present study was undertaken in order to evaluate the anticancer properties of the leaf extract of I. cylindrica using an oral squamous cell carcinoma cell line SCC-9 as an in vitro model system. A methanol extract from dried leaves of I. cylindrica (ICL) was prepared by standard procedures. Effects of the ICL extract on the morphology of SCC-9 cells was visualized by microscopy. Cytotoxicity was determined by MTT assay. Effects of the ICL extract on colony forming ability of SCC-9 cells was evaluated using clonogenic assay. Cell cycle analysis was performed by flow cytometry and induction of apoptosis was determined by DNA fragmentation assay. The ICL extract treatment caused cytotoxicity and induced cell death in vitro in SCC-9 cells in a dose-dependent manner. This treatment also significantly reduced the clonogenic potential and inhibited cell proliferation by arresting the cell cycle in the G2/M phase. Furthermore, DNA fragmentation assays showed that the observed cell death was caused by apoptosis. This is the first report showing the anticancer activity of the methanol extracts from the leaves of I. cylindrica in human oral cancer cell line. Our data indicates that ICL extract could be considered as one of the lead compounds for the formulation of anticancer therapeutic agents to treat/manage human oral cancers. The natural abundance of I. cylindrica and its wide geographic distribution could render it one of the primary resource materials for preparation of anticancer therapeutic agents.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.138-146
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• 2009

마늘은 역학조사에 의하면 각종 질환의 예방과 치료에 효능이 있는 것으로 알려져 있다. 마늘의 주요 성분인 알리신 성분은 매우 불안정하여 쉽게 분해되어 새로운 형태의 유황 화합물로 만들어져 이들 성분들이 상승적으로 작용하여 중요한 생리황성을 갖는 것으로 알려져 있다. 시판되고 있는 여러 종류의 마늘제품 중에서 숙성마늘제품이 다른 제품에 비하여 생리활성이 높은 것으로 보고되었다. 숙성마늘제품은 마늘을 일정한 조건으로 숙성시킬 때 수용성 성분인 S-allylcysteine, S-allylmercaptan, steroid saponins, te-trahydro-${\beta}$-caboline derivatives 및 fructeosyl-arginine 등이 많이 증가하여 그 효능이 상승적으로 높아지는 것으로 알려져 있다. 따라서 시판 마늘가공품의 품질을 표준화하기 위하여 이들 수용성 성분을 biomarker로서 규격기준을 정해야 할 것이다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제40권3호
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• pp.245-250
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• 2016

Background: Ginsenosides are the major effective ingredients responsible for the pharmacological effects of ginseng. Malonyl ginsenosides are natural ginsenosides that contain a malonyl group attached to a glucose unit of the corresponding neutral ginsenosides. Methods: Medium-pressure liquid chromatography and semipreparative high-performance liquid chromatography were used to isolate purified compounds and their structures determined by extensive one-dimensional- and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments. Results: A new saponin, namely malonyl-ginsenoside Re, was isolated from the fresh flower buds of Panax ginseng, along with malonyl-ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd. Some assignments for previously published $^1H$- and $^{13}C$-NMR spectra were found to be inaccurate. Conclusion: This study reports the complete NMR assignment of malonyl-ginsenoside Re, $Rb_1$, $Rb_2$, Rc, and Rd for the first time.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.382-394
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• 2016

Background: Ginsenosides are the characteristic and principal components which manifest a variety of the biological and pharmacological activities of the roots and rhizomes of Panax ginseng (GRR). This study was carried out to qualitatively and quantitatively determine the ginsenosides in the cultivated and forest GRR. Methods: A rapid and sensitive ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode-array detector and quadrupole/time of flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-DAD-QTOF-MS/MS) was applied to the qualitative analysis of ginsenosides and a 4000 QTRAP triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer (HPLC-ESI-MS) was applied to quantitative analysis of 19 ginsenosides. Results: In the qualitative analysis, all ingredients were separated in 10 min. A total of 131 ginsenosides were detected in cultivated and forest GRR. The method for the quantitative determination was validated for linearity, precision, and limits of detection and quantification. 19 representative ginsenosides were quantitated. The total content of all 19 ginsenosides in the forest GRR were much higher than those in the cultivated GRR, and were increased with the growing ages. Conclusion: This newly developed analysis method could be applied to the quality assessment of GRR as well as the distinction between cultivated and forest GRR.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.344-350
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• 2016

Background: Mountain-cultivated ginseng (MCG) and cultivated ginseng (CG) both belong to Panax ginseng and have similar ingredients. However, their pharmacological activities are different due to their significantly different growth environments. Methods: An ultra-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS)-based approach was developed to distinguish MCG and CG. Multivariate statistical methods, such as principal component analysis and supervised orthogonal partial-least-squares discrimination analysis were used to select the influential components. Results: Under optimized UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS conditions, 40 ginsenosides in both MCG and CG were unambiguously identified and tentatively assigned. The results showed that the characteristic components of CG and MCG included ginsenoside Ra3/isomer, gypenoside XVII, quinquenoside R1, ginsenoside Ra7, notoginsenoside Fe, ginsenoside Ra2, ginsenoside Rs6/Rs7, malonyl ginsenoside Rc, malonyl ginsenoside Rb1, malonyl ginsenoside Rb2, palmitoleic acid, and ethyl linoleate. The malony ginsenosides are abundant in CG, but higher levels of the minor ginsenosides were detected in MCG. Conclusion: This is the first time that the differences between CG and MCG have been observed systematically at the chemical level. Our results suggested that using the identified characteristic components as chemical markers to identify different ginseng products is effective and viable.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.194-202
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• 2014

Background: Ginsenosides, the major ingredients of Panax ginseng, have been studied for many decades in Asian countries as a result of their wide range of pharmacological properties. The less polar ginsenosides, with one or two sugar residues, are not present in nature and are produced during manufacturing processes by methods such as heating, steaming, acid hydrolysis, and enzyme reactions. $^1H$-NMR and $^{13}C$-NMR spectroscopic data for the identification of the less polar ginsenosides are often unavailable or incomplete. Methods: We isolated 21 compounds, including 10 pairs of 20(S) and 20(R) less polar ginsenosides (1-20), and an oleanane-type triterpene (21) from a processed ginseng preparation and obtained complete $^1H$-NMR and $^{13}C$-NMR spectroscopic data for the following compounds, referred to as compounds 1-21 for rapid identification: 20(S)-ginsenosides Rh2 (1), 20(R)-Rh2 (2), 20(S)-Rg3 (3), 20(R)-Rg3 (4), 6'-O-acetyl-20(S)-Rh2 [20(S)-AcetylRh2] (5), 20(R)-AcetylRh2 (6), 25-hydroxy-20(S)-Rh2 (7), 25-hydroxy-20(S)-Rh2 (8), 20(S)-Rh1 (9), 20(R)-Rh1 (10), 20(S)-Rg2 (11), 20(R)-Rg2 (12), 25-hydroxy-20(S)-Rh1 (13), 25-hydroxy-20(R)-Rh1 (14), 20(S)-AcetylRg2 (15), 20(R)-AcetylRg2 (16), Rh4 (17), Rg5 (18), Rk1 (19), 25-hydroxy-Rh4 (20), and oleanolic acid 28-O-b-D-glucopyranoside (21).