• 한국화재소방학회논문지
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• 제28권5호
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• pp.14-22
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• 2014

석유화학공장에서 화재 폭발사고는 매년 반복되고 있으나 화재 방호시스템에 관한 국내 법규는 최악의 화재 시나리오에 대응하기에는 미흡한 실정이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 석유화학공장에서 국내외 화재 방호시스템의 기준을 비교 분석하고 울산국가산업단지 석유화학공장 32개소의 소화설비 현황을 조사하였다. 결론적으로 석유화학공장에서 소화용수는 최악의 화재 시나리오를 기반으로 하여 설계하고 고정식 물분무 설비, 고가 모니터 노즐, 워터커튼 설비, 대용량 포모니터 설비와 같은 소화설비가 최악의 화재 시나리오에 대비하여 설치되어야 할 것으로 나타났다.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제29권10호
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• pp.1392-1398
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• 2005

API 581 guideline provides a methodology for calculating the risks of equipments in refinery or petrochemical plant. However, especially in part of the consequence of failure, there is a major limitation of its application to the petrochemical plant directly since only a representative material is considered in calculating the risk while the equipment is composed of numerous materials. The objectives of this paper are to propose an enhanced risk-based inspection (RBI) technique to resolve shortcomings inclusive of the above issue and to assess the risks of typical petrochemical equipments. In this respect, a program incorporating material database was developed to fully incorporate the characteristics of different materials. The proposed RBI program consists of qualitative, semi-quantitative and quantitative risk evaluation modules in which toxic materials as well as representative materials were selected automatically for comparison to those in the current guideline. It has been applied to assess the risks of equipments in ethylene facilities of petrochemical plants. Thereby, more realistic evaluation results were obtained and applicability of the proposed RBI program was proven.

• 한국안전학회지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.75-80
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• 2003

This paper presents a set of typical pseudo-accident scenarios related to major equipments in petrochemical plants, which would be useful for performing such quantitative risk analysis techniques as fault tree analysis, event tree analysis, etc. These typical scenarios address what the main hazard of each equipment might be and how the accident might develop from an "initiating event". The proposed set of accident scenarios consists of total thirteen (13) scenarios specific for five (5) major equipments like reactor, distillation column, etc., and has been determined and screened out of one hundred and twenty-five (125) potential accident scenarios that were generated by performing semi-quantitative risk analysis practically for twenty-five (25) petrochemical processes, considering advices from the operation experts. It is assumed that with simple consideration or incorporation of plant-specific conditions only, the proposed accident scenarios could be easily reorganized or adapted for the relevant process with less time and labor by the safety engineers concerned in the petrochemical industries.ndustries.

• 한국표면공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국표면공학회 1998년도 춘계학술발표회 초록집
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• pp.5-6
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• 1998

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.119-125
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• 2009

Corrosion assessment has a number of uses but the use considered here is as a precursor to Risk-Based Inspection (RBI) planning. Systematic methods consisting of technical modules of RBI program were used to assess the effect of specific corrosion mechanism on the probability of failure in equipments of petrochemical plants. Especially in part of the damage and corrosion assessment, screening step involved evaluating the combinations of process conditions and construction materials for each equipment item in order to determine which damage mechanisms are potentially active. For general internal corrosion, either API 510 or API 570 was applied as the damage rate in the calculation to determine the remaining life and inspection frequency. In some cases, a measured rate of corrosion may not be available. The technical modules of RBI program employ default values for corrosion, typically derived from published data or from experience with similar processes, for use until inspection results are available. This paper describes the case study of corrosion and damage assessment by using RBI methodology in petrochemical plant. Specifically, this paper reports the methodology and the results of its application to the petrochemical units using the $KGS-RBI^{TM}$ program, developed by the Korea Gas Safety Corporation to suit Korean situation in conformity with API 581 Codes.

• 플랜트 저널
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.50-58
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• 2009

In this paper, the present condition for localization of process pumps and the enhancement method of the localization ratio of process pumps for refinery and chemical plant market were studied. The market of plant industry in the world has grown rapidly since 2000. However, the profit of domestic plant EPC compaies cound not have been increased as much as the market scale because they procured most of equipment from overseas. To make remarkable profit of plant EPC companies in the petrochemical industry, localization of equipments is required. Suitable equipment for localization is process pump applied API 610 standard. An purchased amount of pumps from overseas by domestic plant EPC companies in the last two years were 230 billion won. If process pumps are localized then an profit of plant EPC project will increase.

• 한국시뮬레이션학회논문지
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.1-10
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• 2001

For the simulation of piping vibrations in petrochemical plants, forcing functions mainly depend upon the equipment working mechanism and vibration resources in the piping systems. In general, harmonic function is used to simulate rotary equipment. Mechanical driving frequencies, wave functions, and response spectrum are used to simulate reciprocating compressors, surge vibration of long transfer piping, and seismic/wind vibration, respectively. In this study, the general suggestions for forcing functions were reviewed and proposed the forcing function to simulate the spray injection system inside the pipe in which two different fluids are distributed uniformly. To confirm the results, the scheme was applied for a real piping system. The vibration mode of the real system was consistent with the 4th mode (26.725 Hz) obtained by simulation using the forcing function presented in this study.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.95-100
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• 2018

Background: Respiratory protection equipment (RPE) is the last resort to control exposure to workplace air pollutants. A comprehensive respiratory protection program (RPP) ensures that RPE is selected, used, and cared properly. Therefore, RPP must be well integrated into the occupational health and safety requirements. In this study, we evaluated the implementation of RPP in Iranian petrochemical industries to identify the required solutions to improve the current status of respiratory protection. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 24 petrochemical industries in Iran. The survey instrument was a checklist extracted from the Occupational Safety and Health Administration respiratory protection standard. An index, Respiratory Protection Program Index (RPPI), was developed and weighted by analytic hierarchy process to determine the compliance rate (CR) of provided respiratory protection measures with the RPP standard. Data analysis was performed using Excel 2010. Results: The most important element of RPP, according to experts, was respiratory hazard evaluation. The average value of RPPI in the petrochemical plants was $49{\pm}15%$. The highest and lowest of CR among RPP elements were RPE selection and medical evaluation, respectively. Conclusion: None of studied petrochemical industries implemented RPP completely. This can lead to employees' overexposure to hazardous workplace air contaminants. Increasing awareness of employees and employers through training is suggested by this study to improve such conditions.

• 비파괴검사학회지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.171-180
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• 2009

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제10권10호
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• pp.4883-4901
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• 2016

Energy efficiency in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is very appealing research area due to serious constrains on resources like storage, processing, and communication power of the sensor nodes. Due to limited capabilities of sensing nodes, such networks are composed of a large number of nodes. The higher number of nodes increases the overall performance in data collection from environment and transmission of packets among nodes. In such networks the nodes sense data and ultimately forward the information to a Base Station (BS). The main issues in WSNs revolve around energy consumption and delay in relaying of data. A lot of research work has been published in this area of achieving energy efficiency in the network. Various techniques have been proposed to divide such networks; like grid division of network, group based division, clustering, making logical layers of network, variable size clusters or groups and so on. In this paper a new technique of group based WSNs is proposed by using some features from recent published protocols i.e. "Energy-Efficient Multi-level and Distance Aware Clustering (EEMDC)" and "Energy-Efficient Multi-level and Distance Aware Clustering (EEUC)". The proposed work is not only energy-efficient but also minimizes the delay in relaying of data from the sensor nodes to BS. Simulation results show, that it outperforms LEACH protocol by 38%, EEMDC by 10% and EEUC by 13%.