• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.539-547
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• 2023

This study evaluated the impact of rain shelters made of plastic film on spring frost damage and fruit quality in Asian pears ('Niitaka') over two years. In 2021, during the coldest spring days (between 0:00 am and 7:00 am), temperatures dropped to -1.20 - 0.43℃ at 120 cm and -1.33 - 0.57℃ at 200 cm above ground level in the control. Conversely, the rain shelter treatment maintained higher temperatures, -0.40 - 0.87℃ at 120 cm and -0.43 - 0.77℃ at 200 cm. Flower damage was significantly lower in the rain-sheltered group, with incidences of 1.3 and 6.9% at 120 and 200 cm, respectively, compared with 18.1 and 22.6% in the control group. Visual observations verified the prevention of frost adhesion on flower organs in the sheltered group, compared with noticeable pistil death and petal browning in the control group. In 2022, when temperatures remained above 0℃, fruitlet stalk length was 5 - 6 mm longer in the sheltered group. The cumulative impact of rain shelters was evident in the improved fruit quality over the two years. This study suggests resilient cultivation strategies in the face of climate change to reduce frost damage, increase productivity, improve fruit quality, and potentially increase incomes of the farmers.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.269-281
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• 2016

The statistical analyses of coefficient of variation, heritability, and genetic advance were carried out to identify differences in morphological characteristics, such as the stem and inflorescence length, of 10 major commercial cultivars of spray chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium). For morphological characteristics, stem lengths ranged from 46.4 cm to 54.9 cm, the maximum diameter of stem was 5.6 to 8.5 mm, the hardness of the stem was 0.17 to $0.70kg{\cdot}m^{-2}$, the fresh weight of stem was 7.5 to 17.5 g, the dry weight of the stem was 1.6 to 3.3 g, the ratio of dry weight/fresh weight of stem was 15.9% to 23.1%. Also, the number of leaves on the stem was 8.4 to 12.2, the stem leaf area was 17.8 to $37.8m^2$, the fresh weight stem leaves was 5.3 to 18.6 g, the dry weight was 0.5 to 1.4 g and the ratio of dry weight /fresh weight of stem leaves was 7.6% to 11.5%. The inflorescence length ranged from 10.1 to 18.6 cm, the fresh weight of inflorescence was 7.3 to 26.7 g, the dry weight of inflorescence was 1.2 to 2.8 g, the ratio of dry weight /fresh weight of inflorescence was 10.4% to 17.1%. For flower, the diameter of the flower center was 8.2 to 13.3 mm, the petal width was 5.7 to 14.0 mm, the petal length was 12.9 to 33.1 mm, and the petal thickness was 157.8 to $354.4{\mu}m$. The mean values of each character in each cultivar were very different, and DMRT and LSD values based on morphological characteristics among 10 cultivars were highly significant. For variability and genetic parameters, the lowest CV (coefficient of variation), PCV (phenotypic coefficient of variation), and GCV (genotypic coefficient of variation) were 4.79% to 5.15% in stem length, and the highest variations were 62.97% to 65.21% in leaf area. ECV (error or environmental coefficient of variation) was the lowest for leaf area (1.71%) and it was the highest for leaf dry weight (19.30%). Heritability also significantly differed among the characteristics, ranging from 68.69% to 99.67%, the lowest value was shown in ratio of dry weight /fresh weight of stem and the highest value was for leaf area of stem. The value for genetic advance was the lowest in hardness of stem at 0.30 and the highest in leaf thickness at 156.65. The lowest genetic advance as percentage of mean of stem hardness was 9.17%, while the highest percentage of stem length was 134.27%. Thus the characters which had the highest values indicated above show the influence of additive gene action and may provide useful resources for selection programs for agronomic improvement.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.191-201
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• 2014

In order to find useful taxonomic morphological characters, 17 taxa from East-Asia Astragalus and Oxytropis anertii were investigated. In this study, seed coat structure, fruit surface, and fruit anatomical structures were selected to classify the species in Astragalus. As a results, useful morphological and anatomical characters in East-Asia Astragalus were life cycle, leaflet shape, raceme, petal color, seed color, pod shape, absent or present of hairs in pod surface, bent degree of dorsal suture, and thickness of endocarp. Using medicinal sources in China, A. floridus, A. membranaceus, A. membranaceus var. mongholicus and A. tongolensis were formed same group. However, these were not completely consensus in the morphological characters. The other hand, A. koraiensis and A. sikokianus, which have controversial taxonomic issue, have clearly no differences morphological characters each other. Therefore, A. koraiensis, A. sikokianus, and A. bhotanensis should be conducted a comparative study on the DNA sequences and molecular cytology in order to clarify the taxonomic treatments in the near future.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.93-96
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• 2012

'Double Shine', a cultivar of Gypsophila paniculata was newly developed for the cut flowers by Jeollabuk-do Agricultural Research & Extension Services. It has morphological characteristics of the spreading plant type, double florets of many petals and two pistils, emarginate petal tip and cup shaped calyx. Also 'Double Shine' has several traits such as strong flower stalk, bright colored flower, narrow branching angle and more or less resistance to powdery mildew and pest injury. Furthermore, 'Double Shine' produced higher primary branches, and longer flower stalk length with internodal length and than did a check variety 'Bristol Fairy' during summer cultivation in subalpine areas. Blooming of 'Double Shine' was delayed by 16 days, its floret had broader width, compared to 'Bristol Fairy'. Moreover, 'Double Shine' produced normal flowers with two pistils and 8.5 stamens, with little production of malformed flowers in the high temperature condition.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.299-302
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• 2014

A freesia (Freesia hybrida Hort.) 'Shiny Bell' was developed for the cut flower in the National Institute of Horticultural Herbal Science in 2012. This hybrid was selected from a crossing between cn. 'Teresa' and 'Rossini', which is white semi-double flowering and red double flowering, respectively. in 2004. Morphological characteristics of the selected hybrid were investigated for 3 years from 2009 to 2011, and then it was named 'Shiny Bell'. 'Shiny Bell' had red color of RHS W155C, and double flower. The growth of the plant was vigorous and the average height was 109.3 cm. The average flower width was 5.8 mm, number of floret per stalk was 11.3, and stalk length was 8.5 cm. The average yield, 7.3 Branches per plant, was 3 stems per plant more than the control cultivar. The average days to first flowering of 'Shiny Bell', was 143.3 days, and it was approximately 7 days later than the control cultivar. The average yield of 'Shiny Bell' was 4.0 cormlets per plant.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.87-96
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• 2018

BACKGROUND: The vigorous shoot growth in upper part of apple tree canopy leads to poor fruit quality and flower bud formation in lower part of canopy. So, this study was conducted to develop the proper control method about the shoot growth in upper part of apple tree canopy. METHODS AND RESULTS: Trunks of 'Fuji'/M9 apple trees were cut (back pruned) to 2.5 m in tree height on 11 February (dormant) or 12 April (full bloom). Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) was applied at 2.0% to cut surface when trunk was pruned. Prohexadione-calcium (Pro-Ca) was sprayed at 250 mg/L above 2.0 m in tree height at 23 April (petal fall). The NAA or Pro-Ca application after trunk was pruned at dormant (TR-2 and TR-3) significantly reduced shoot growth in upper part of canopy compared with the control (tree was only pruned at dormant, TR-1), but the percent of shoots showing the secondary growth of TR-3 was higher over 2 times than that of TR-2. The reduction of shoot growth in upper part of canopy by TR-2 and TR-3 increased the fruit red color from the lower part in the treating year and blooming of the lower part in the following year. CONCLUSION: Applying 2.0% NAA to cut surface of pruned apple trunk at dormant was the most effective way for stabilization of the tree vigor in upper part of the canopy in a high density apple orchard.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.199-204
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• 1996

We investigated the structures of floral organs and the developmental process of each floral organs in Bupleurum falcatum. The overall size of a floral was about 2mm. The lengths of ray, pedicel, pistil and stamen were 22.5mm, 3.6mm, 1.0mm and 1.3mm respectively. The ovary surface was 0.9mm in length and 1.4mm in width. And the developmental periods of each floral organs were as follows; 1 through 6 days in stamen emergence, 6 through 9 days in petal detachment and pistil emergence, 9 through 16 days in pistil ma­turation, and above 16 days in pistil degeneration after onset of flowering. This plant was admitted to be a allogamous plant, especially with the protandry form of dichogamy.

• Archives of design research
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• v.18 no.2 s.60
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• pp.133-142
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• 2005

Recently, on-line users prefer image and sense that are deviated from standardization pattern. Also, they need instant and mutual exchangeable communication forms. Developing the various Avatars is required to apply it to various situations. It is due to that the Avatar is used as a card in the on-line communication to represent the user's character visually. The Avatar in the on-line game, such as poker or go-stop which are the most popular nowadays, does not have different character from general community site. Therefore, it dose not satisfy owner who needs sensitive and various character of the Avatar. In this paper, we will be analysis the card game Avatar service, character and desire of the user in existing game petal sites. Also, we'll provide service method which can satisfy the user's requirements. For this, we survey recognition and design preference of users on the card game Avatar.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.28 no.9
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• pp.1563-1572
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• 2018

Gold nanoparticles (AuNP) and their conjugates have been gaining a great deal of recognition in the medical field. Meanwhile, extended-spectrum ${\beta}$-lactamases (ESBL)-producing bacteria are also demonstrating a challenging problem for health care. The aim of this study was the biosynthesis of AuNP using Rosa damascenes petal extract and conjugation of ceftriaxone antibiotic (Cef-AuNP) in inhibiting ESBL-producing bacteria and study of in vitro anticancer activity. Characterization of the synthesized AuNP and Cef-AuNP was studied. ESBL-producing strains, Acinetobacter baumannii ACI1 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa PSE4 were used for testing the efficacy of Cef-AuNP. The cells of MCF-7 breast cancer were treated with previous AuNP and Cef-AuNP at different time intervals. Cytotoxicity effects of apoptosis and its molecular mechanism were evaluated. Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy established the formation of AuNP and Cef-AuNP. Transmission electron microscope demonstrated that the formed nanoparticles were of different shapes with sizes of 15~35 nm and conjugation was established by a slight increase in size. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of Cef-AuNP against tested strains were obtained as 3.6 and $4{\mu}g/ml$, respectively. Cef-AuNP demonstrated a decrease in the MIC of ceftriaxone down to more than 27 folds on the studied strains. The biosynthesized AuNP displayed apoptotic and time-dependent cytotoxic effects in the cells of MCF-7 at a concentration of $0.1{\mu}g/ml$ medium. The Cef-AuNP have low significant effects on MCF-7 cells. These results enhance the conjugating utility in old unresponsive ceftriaxone with AuNP to restore its efficiency against otherwise resistant bacterial pathogens. Additionally, AuNP may be used as an alternative chemotherapeutic treatment of MCF-7 cancer cells.

• Proceedings of the KSAR Conference
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• 2001.03a
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• pp.66-66
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• 2001

Since the first birth of pig derived from embryonic cells by nuclear transfer, many researches to produce cloned pig have been carried out. Recently, two reports about the birth of somatic cell cloned pigs using in vivo oocytes and also Betthauser et al. (2000) reported the birth of somatic cell cloned pigs using in vitro oocytes. So here we investigated the effect of activation method and culture medium on in vitro development of porcine nuclear transfer embryo using fetal fibroblast. Oocytes derived from slaughter house obtained ovaries were matured for 42 to 44 h in TCM 199. Matured oocytes were denuded using 0.1% hyaluronidase and then Oocytes with the first polar body were used for enucleation by aspirating the first polar body and adjacent cytoplasm in TCM 199 supplemented with 7.5 $\mu\textrm{g}$ cytochalasin B. Petal fibroblast cells were prepared from 35 days old fetus. To be used as donor cells, fetal fibroblast cells were serum starved for 3 to 5 days and then isolated into single co:1 by trypsinization. Nuclear transfer embryos were fused using 2 times 1.25㎸ for 30$mutextrm{s}$. Fused NT embryos were activated with calcium ionophore (CI) and 6-dimethyl-aminopurine (6-DMAP). Activated oocytes were cultured in NCSU 23 or BECM 3 for 6 days. There was no significant difference between chemical activation and no chemical activation for blastocyst development rate(11.6 vs. 14.8%). However, cell number was significantly higher when NT embryos were activated with CI and 6-DMAP (31.2 vs. 22.6). When NT embryos were cultured in NCSU 23 or BECM 3, blastocyst development rate was 16.4 and 13.2%, respectively, and cell number was 31.5 and 24.1, respectively. These results suggest that chemical activation after fusion and culture in NCSU 23 could increase cell number of porcine NT embryos.