• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.128-144
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• 1996

The usage level of pesticides in Korea reached the relatively high extent of 13 kg a.i./ha for arable land, and therefore, establishment of legal standards on pesticide residues in soil environment has been requested. This paper presents relevant information on soil contamination and proposes tentative standards on 20 pesticides in agricultural, urban and forest soils, respectively, as well as needed background data to support the justification of the standards.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제57권1호
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• pp.73-82
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• 2024

Objectives: The unsafe use of pesticides in agriculture represents a major hazard to human health. This study was conducted to investigate the association between pesticide exposure and health symptoms among chili farmers in northeast Thailand. Methods: This cross-sectional analytic study included 141 chili farmers in Sakon Nakhon Province, in northeast Thailand. Data regarding health symptoms were gathered using a self-report questionnaire. A medical technician tested blood cholinesterase activity using an erythrocyte method, and an occupational medicine specialist at Ramathibodi Hospital in Bangkok, Thailand reviewed the results. Associations between personal characteristics, pesticide exposure factors, and health symptoms were analyzed using multiple logistic regression. Results: Of the 141 chili farmers studied, 66.7% experienced pesticide poisoning, as indicated by below-normal cholinesterase levels. Fatigue was the most frequently reported symptom associated with pesticide exposure, affecting 37.6% of participants. This was followed by nausea and vomiting (31.9%), dizziness (14.9%), and dry throat (14.9%). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that several factors were significantly associated with adverse symptoms: amount of work experience, volume of pesticides used, use of chemical pesticides, use of leaking containers during spraying, direct pesticide exposure while working, contact with pesticide-soaked clothing, consumption of food and drinks in the fields, and blood cholinesterase level indicating risk. Conclusions: This study suggests potential health risks for chili farmers stemming from exposure to and contamination by pesticides used in agricultural practices. To mitigate these risks, it is essential to supply personal protective equipment and to implement educational programs aimed at improving protective behaviors among farmers.

• 농약과학회지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.51-56
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• 1999

Benzimidazole계 농약인 benomyl네 의한 제주도연안 해양오염을 규명하고자, 1996년 5월, 8월, 10월에 제주시와 서귀포시 근해 해양 환경시료에서 benomyl 잔류량을 조사하였다. Benomyl은 자연계에서 주로 carbendazim (methyl 2-benzimidazolecarbamate)으로 빠르게 변환되고 대사 되기 때문에 carbendazim 잔류량을 benomyl 잔류량으로 하였다. UV-HPLC에 의한 benomyl의 최소검출농도는 해수 중에서 $0.2{\mu}g/L$이었고, 저니토, 우뭇가사리, 미역, 소라, 성게 등 고체시료는 $0.4{\mu}g/kg$이었다. 모든 시료의 해수와 저니토에서 benomyl은 검출되지 않았다. 또한 우뭇가사리와 미역, 소라, 성게의 모든 시료에서 benomyl이 불검출 되었다. 이는 농약살포기인 5월, 8월과 농약 비살포기인 10월에도 같은 결과였다. 또한 감귤농업을 상대적으로 적게 하는 북제주도의 제주시부근 뿐만 아니라, 감귤농업을 많이 하는 남제주도의 위미연안에서도 benomyl이 검출되지 않았다. 따라서 benomyl에 의한 제주도 연안 해양환경의 오염은 없는 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국응용곤충학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.84-97
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• 1983

Under the limited arable land, the enhancement of agricultural productivity is indispensable to provide the food demand which is concomitant with the rapid increase in population. From this viewpoint, the upbringing and dissemination of high-yielding varieties has been promoted continuously and several modifications in cultural practices, including heavy fertilization, dense planting, and early transplanting, also have been gradually developed. However these changes in cultivation have led to the increased outbreak of insect pests and diseases. And this unexpected results have accelerated the number and complexity of pesticides employed as well as their consumption. Even though pesticides are essential materials contributing to the steady production of agricultural crops, large scale consumption of them has given rise to several adverse impacts, such as mammalian hazard and/or environmental contamination. In this respect, recent development of new pesticides has been concentrated on 'safe pesticide', as it were, that has the highly selective properties without unfavorable side influences on other ecosystem. According to literature cited up to now, feasibilities of safe pesticide development would be summarized as two categories. One of them is the development of chemical pesticides, which include the molecular structure modification of established pesticides for increased safety and synthesis of new safe chemicals which can attack the vulnerable point of physio-ecological characteristics in insect pests and diseases. The other is the biological pesticides which comprise natural enemies and microorganisms to act selectively on confined insect pests and diseases, In addition, improvement of physico-chemical properties of available pesticide formulations would be one of the desirable means for safe pesticide development in view of efficacy enhancement and minimization of hazardous properties or safe pesticide development, various approaches are feasible and needed to study, however, long period and much financial outlay are necessary to develop a new item. And under the present situation in Korea, there are many difficulties for performing research on all the possible routes. Therefore, combined pesticides by the reasonable combination of already registered resticides evaluated as the fairly safe pesticides and safe formulation based on their physico-chemical properties would be developed primarily. And many efforts would be given gradually for the development of new chemical and biological pesticides.

• 농약과학회지
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.189-197
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• 2004

강원도 고랭지의 주요 소득원 중 하나인 배추재배는 그 재배 면적과 생산량이 지속적으로 증가하고 있지만, 병해충 방제를 위하여 사용되는 농약으로 인한 고랭지 농업환경 오염가능성에 대한 우려도 높아지고 있다. 본 연구에서는 청정 강원도 고랭지 지역인 평창, 정선 및 태백지역의 배추경작지 토양과 수질 중 시기별 잔류농약의 오염 실태를 파악하고자 하였다. 각 지역에서 2002년 4월부터 10월까지 2개월 간격으로 토양 및 수질 시료 각각 240점과 84점을 채취하여 시료 중 농약 잔류량을 다성분 동시 스크리닝 분석법으로 분석하였다. 지역 및 시기별 잔류농약 조사 결과, 토양 중 농약의 잔류량은 평창 및 정선의 경우 18종의 농약이 $0.004\sim0.412\;mg\;kg^{-1}$수준으로 검출되었으나, 평창의 횡계리에서 10월에는 농약이 전혀 검출되지 않았다. 태백의 경우에서도 검출농약의 종류가 다른 지역과 비슷하였으며, 4월, 6월 보다는 8월 및 10월에 $0.002\sim0.663\;mg\;kg^{-1}$ 수준으로 검출되었다. 평창 및 정선에서는 살충제 endosulfan이 35%의 검출빈도를 보였으며, 태백에서 높은 검출빈도를 보인 약제로는 endosulfan이 최고 100%, 살균제 dimethomorph, diniconazole이 85%, 살충제 prothiofos와 살균제 fluazinam이 30% 이상 이였다. 또한 배추 경작지 미등록 농약(diniconazole, alachlor, carbendazim, alpha-cypermethrin, carbofuran, prothiofos)들도 $0.004\sim0.412\;mg\;kg^{-1}$ 범위로 조사되어 농약 오용의 실태를 확인할 수 있었다. 한편 채취된 모든 수질 시료에서는 농약이 검출되지 않아 토양 중 농약잔류가 수계오염에 미치는 영향이 크지 않은 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.323-329
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• 2013

딸기는 다양한 효능을 보일 뿐만아니라 맛과 영양까지 뛰어나 많은 사람들이 선호하는 대표적인 즉석섭취 농산물 중의 하나이다. 따라서 딸기의 안전성에 대한 관심이 매우 높다. 본 연구는 딸기의 생물학적 안전성을 평가하기 위하여 논산시내 12개 딸기 농장에서 채취한 1,020개의 표본(열매, 줄기, 잎 각각 340개씩)을 대상으로, 재배방식(양액재배, 무농약재배, 유기농재배) 및 딸기의 부위에 따른 총호기성균, 대장균군/대장균을 정량적 분석하였다. 또한 식중독 유발세균인황색포도상구균, Salmonella spp, L. monocytogenes, E. coli O157:H7 오염 여부를 정량 혹은 정성 분석하였다. 딸기 표본의 총호기성균 수는 2.3~6.8 ${\log}_{10}$ CFU/g 범위이었으며, 대장균군은 전체 표본의 14.2%에서 검출되었고 양성 표본의 대장균군 수는 2.1-4.5 ${\log}_{10}$ CFU/g 범위이었다. 대장균은 전체 표본중 1.0%에서 검출되었고, 양성 표본의 대장균 수는 2.1-2.8 ${\log}_{10}$ CFU/g 범위이었다. 딸기의 재배방식별로 분석시, 총호기성균 및 대장균군의 수는 양액재배 혹은 무농약재배에 비하여 유기농재배에서 더 많이 검출되었으나(p<0.05), 대장균은 무농약재배와 유기농재배에서 유사하게 검출되었고 영양재배에서는 검출되지 않았다. 딸기를 3개 부위(열매, 줄기 및 잎)로 나누어 호기성균 및 대장균군/대장균 수를 분석시, 이들간 통계적 유의성은 없었다. 또한 딸기에 부착되어 있는 식중독 유발 세균을 조사한 결과, 1,020개의 표본중에서 유기농재배 농가 표본 2개에서 황색포도상구균이 검출되었으며 그 외의 Salmonella spp., Listeria spp., E. coli 0157:H7은 모든 표본에서 검출되지 않았다. 이상의 결과로 보아, 딸기의 재배 방식에 따라 위생지표 미생물의 오염에 차이가 있을 수 있으므로, 재배 방식에 적합한 세균 오염 저감화 대책이 요구됨을 시사하겠다.

• 농약과학회지
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• 제4권4호
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• pp.1-11
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• 2000

지난 반세기 이상 작물보호제의 수단으로 사용되어 왔던 화학농약은 사용 후 식물과 환경구성 요소 중에 남게 되는 잔류성 문제로 일반사회의 지대한 관심거리로 부상하고 있다. 세계 각 국이 국가차원의 규제로써 등록시 안전성 요구자료를 강화하고 있고 일단 등록된 농약이라 할지라도 주기적으로 안전성은 다시 평가하는 재등록제를 도입하고 있다. 특히 최근 지구환경보호 차원에서 국제기구를 중심으로 잔류성 유기 오염물질 (POPs), 내분비계 장애물질 (EDs)에 대한 관심이 집중됨에 따라 국가차원에서 우리 먹거리의 안전성을 확보하고 환경보전을 위하여 다양한 조사사업과 정책 등이 수립 시행되고 있다. 이들 조사결과에 대하여 과학적인 평가와 진단 그리고 대책들은 소비자의 알 권리를 충족하기 위하여 일반 대중에게 공개되어야 할 것이다.

• Molecular & Cellular Toxicology
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.132-137
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• 2008

Differential gene expression profiling was carried out in the hepatic tissue of medaka fish, Oryzias latipes, after exposure to an organophosphorus pesticide (OPP), Iprobenfos (IBP), a widely used pesticide in agri- and fish-culture, using a medaka cDNA micro array. Twenty six kinds of differentially expressed candidate genes, with 15 and 11 induced and repressed in their gene expressions, respectively, were associated with cytoskeleton (3.8%), development (7.7%), immune (7.7%), metabolism (30.8%), nucleic acid/protein binding (42.3%) and reproduction (7.7%). Of these genes, changes at the transcription level of five were re-evaluated by real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR). Considering the known function of authentic genes, the effects of IBP on the biological activity and pathological aspects in medaka fish were discussed. The identified genes could be used as molecular biomarkers for biological responses to OPPs contamination in an aquatic environment.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제28권8호
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• pp.689-700
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• 2019

The adsorption and leaching characteristics of five ionic pesticides including four acidic pesticides (2,4-D, dicamba, MCPA, and MCPP) and one amphoteric pesticide (imazaquin) in agricultural soils were investigated. Soils around spring waters that were heavily affected by pesticide run-off and soils around wells considering the regional characteristics in Jeju Island were collected at 24 stations. The Freundlich constant, $K_F$ value, which is a measure of the adsorption capacity, decreased in the order of 2,4-D > MCPA > MCPP > dicamba > imazaquin. The adsorption capacity of these ionic pesticides decreased with increasing pH owing to the effects of ionization of pesticides and different ionizable functional groups of soils. The leaching of ionic pesticides in the soil column showed a reverse relationship with their adsorption in soils, namely, the ionic pesticides were leached more quickly for the pesticides with lower adsorption capacity. The groundwater contamination potential of the ionic pesticides was evaluated in the order of imazaquin > MCPA > MCPP > dicamba > 2.4-D according to the groundwater ubiquity score based on soil Koc and the half-life of the pesticide.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제34권6호
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• pp.433-438
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• 2008

Much of the increase in agricultural productivity over the past half century has been due to the control of the pests with synthetic pesticides. The use of these pesticides has caused environmental problems and public health concern. The guidelines of maximum residue levels of pesticides in agricultural products has been well documented but more careful monitoring of their residues is required. Pyrethorid class pesticides are dominant in modern agricultural industry but public health concerns have been recently considered. The major route of pesticide exposure is the diet and with improved surveillance of pyrethorid residues in agricultural products their exposure should be controlled and minimized. In suitable products with reduced matrix effects such as agricultural products, aqueous samples, fruits and vegetables the use of immunoassays for pyrethorid residue monitoring could satisfy this requirement. Immunoassays have several advantages, namely they are highly sensitive, selective and cost-effective and enable large-scale sample handling and analysis in the laboratory.