• Journal of Korean Society for Quality Management
• /
• v.48 no.4
• /
• pp.581-596
• /
• 2020

Purpose: purpose of this study was to propose the web application platform which can be to detect and discriminate various diseases and pest of tomato plant based on the large amount of disease image data observed in the facility or the open field. Methods: The deep learning algorithms uesed at the web applivation platform are consisted as the combining form of Faster R-CNN with the pre-trained convolution neural network (CNN) models such as SSD_mobilenet v1, Inception v2, Resnet50 and Resnet101 models. To evaluate the superiority of the newly proposed web application platform, we collected 850 images of four diseases such as Bacterial cankers, Late blight, Leaf miners, and Powdery mildew that occur the most frequent in tomato plants. Of these, 750 were used to learn the algorithm, and the remaining 100 images were used to evaluate the algorithm. Results: From the experiments, the deep learning algorithm combining Faster R-CNN with SSD_mobilnet v1, Inception v2, Resnet50, and Restnet101 showed detection accuracy of 31.0%, 87.7%, 84.4%, and 90.8% respectively. Finally, we constructed a web application platform that can detect and discriminate various tomato deseases using best deep learning algorithm. If farmers uploaded image captured by their digital cameras such as smart phone camera or DSLR (Digital Single Lens Reflex) camera, then they can receive an information for detection, identification and disease control about captured tomato disease through the proposed web application platform. Conclusion: Incheon Port needs to act actively paying.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
• /
• v.28 no.12
• /
• pp.67-77
• /
• 2023

This study represents an innovative research conducted in the smart farm environment, developing a deep learning-based disease and pest detection model and applying it to the Intelligent Internet of Things (IoT) platform to explore new possibilities in the implementation of digital agricultural environments. The core of the research was the integration of the latest ImageNet models such as Pseudo-Labeling, RegNet, EfficientNet, and preprocessing methods to detect various diseases and pests in complex agricultural environments with high accuracy. To this end, ensemble learning techniques were applied to maximize the accuracy and stability of the model, and the model was evaluated using various performance indicators such as mean Average Precision (mAP), precision, recall, accuracy, and box loss. Additionally, the SHAP framework was utilized to gain a deeper understanding of the model's prediction criteria, making the decision-making process more transparent. This analysis provided significant insights into how the model considers various variables to detect diseases and pests.

• Journal of Species Research
• /
• v.12 no.2
• /
• pp.189-196
• /
• 2023

We monitored the hitchhiker insect pests from the international vessels entering into Korea in 2021. As a result, total of 581 individuals were detected by the survey based on visual inspection with naked eye. Among them, 500 individuals were identified as 244 species of 65 families under 11 orders through the integrative taxonomic method with DNA barcoding and morphological reexamination, but the remaining 81 individuals were classified as only to the family level. Of the 244 species identified, 26 species were determined to be not-distributed species in Korea (two Orthoptera, two Hemiptera, one Megaloptera, five Coleoptera, three Hymenoptera, and 13 Lepidoptera). Among them, two species, Sagra femorata (Chrysomelidae, Coleoptera) and Dendrolimus punctatus (Lasiocampidae, Lepidoptera), were discovered as 'Regulated species' listed by Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, South Korea. Therefore, we reported on the 26 not-distributed species in Korea and provided inanimate pathway information such as navigation routes on the vessels hitchhiking the species, state of the samples at the time of detection, identification results and original distribution for the detailed monitoring and the risk analysis on the species.

• Smart Media Journal
• /
• v.12 no.10
• /
• pp.38-46
• /
• 2023

Farming activities are transforming from traditional skill-based agriculture into knowledge-based and technology-driven digital agriculture. The use of intelligent information and communication technology introduces the idea of smart farming that enables farmers to collect weather data, monitor crop growth remotely and detect crop diseases easily. The introduction of Plantix, a pest and disease management tool in the form of a mobile application has allowed farmers to identify pests and diseases of the crop using their mobile devices. Hence, this study collected the reviews of Plantix to explore the response of the users on the Google Play Store towards the application through Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) topic modeling. Results indicate four latent topics in the reviews: two positive evaluations (compliments, appreciation) and two suggestions (plant options, recommendations). We found the users suggested the application to additional plant options and additional features that might help the farmers with their difficulties. In addition, the application is expected to benefit the farmer more by having an early alert of diseases to farmers and providing various substitutes and a list of components for the remedial measures.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
• /
• v.34 no.5
• /
• pp.381-392
• /
• 2018

Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganesis (Cmm) is a quarantine-worthy pest in $M{\acute{e}}xico$. The implementation and validation of new technologies is necessary to reduce the time for bacterial detection in laboratory conditions and Raman spectroscopy is an ambitious technology that has all of the features needed to characterize and identify bacteria. Under controlled conditions a contagion process was induced with Cmm, the disease epidemiology was monitored. Micro-Raman spectroscopy ($532nm\;{\lambda}$ laser) technique was evaluated its performance at assisting on Cmm detection through its characteristic Raman spectrum fingerprint. Our experiment was conducted with tomato plants in a completely randomized block experimental design (13 plants ${\times}$ 4 rows). The Cmm infection was confirmed by 16S rDNA and plants showed symptoms from 48 to 72 h after inoculation, the evolution of the incidence and severity on plant population varied over time and it kept an aggregated spatial pattern. The contagion process reached 79% just 24 days after the epidemic was induced. Micro-Raman spectroscopy proved its speed, efficiency and usefulness as a non-destructive method for the preliminary detection of Cmm. Carotenoid specific bands with wavelengths at 1146 and $1510cm^{-1}$ were the distinguishable markers. Chemometric analyses showed the best performance by the implementation of PCA-LDA supervised classification algorithms applied over Raman spectrum data with 100% of performance in metrics of classifiers (sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, negative and positive predictive value) that allowed us to differentiate Cmm from other endophytic bacteria (Bacillus and Pantoea). The unsupervised KMeans algorithm showed good performance (100, 96, 98, 91 y 100%, respectively).

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
• /
• v.37
• /
• pp.327-348
• /
• 2004

In this study, after analyzing several local climate characteristics of South Korea, I validated distribution, invasion, foraging, underground activities, attack season as ecological characteristics and also temperature, relative humidity, and tree species as preference characteristics of Korean termites (Reticulitermes speratus kyushuensis Morimoto). Especially, southern part of the Korean peninsula is a suitable area for inhabitation and motion of termites holding same ecological characteristic like R. speratus kyushuensis. Busan is a neighboring district at field distribution north limiting temperature of Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki and Chuncheon is a passing area through the Korean Peninsula of field distribution north limiting temperature of Reticulitermes speratus Kolbe. The termite attack of wood devices was about 34.5% for 3 years in the forest of Jongmyo. Although the attack rate of termite increased each year, the detection rate decreased and the missing rate was high by degrees. I confirmed a foraging habits which is a part of termite colony was a role of continuous decomposition and another was a role of new food hunt as experimental results. The foraging termites were found under ground at Jongmyo in Seoul from April to November in the 2001 and the most active period was on July and August. The termite invasion rate of bait station increased in every monitoring. Through the increasing attack rate of bait station during 2nd monitoring (November, 2000) and 3rd monitoring(March, 2001), I confirmed that termites moved into the deep underground in winter, and were working continuously to forage. R. speratus kyushuensis inhabiting at the Korean Peninsula is a species which has food consumption rate with higher temperature. The termite revealed the greatest amount of food(filter paper) at $30^{\circ}C$(90% RH), but showed increasing death rate at over $32^{\circ}C$. Also, survival rate of this termite was 97% at 84% RH($30^{\circ}C$), but killed 100% at 52% RH($30^{\circ}C$) and 70% RH($30^{\circ}C$). For wood feeding, this was observed the preference in a pine tree(Pinus densiflora) above all others. Survival of termites was high(87%) at a pine tree, but low(13.5%) at a paulownia tree(Paulownia coreana). In this study, I presented the biological characteristic of termite(R. speratus kyushuensis Morimoto) and confirmed the deterioration degree of termite on wooden cultural heritage in Korea. Depending on climate and soil temperature, each area in the southern part of the Korea Peninsula, has some different active period and different distribution of R. speratus kyushensis. With these results, I expect that this report helps to prepare the integrated pest management(IPM) of the termite on wooden cultural heritage in Korea, and it may help to reduce the economical loss from termite damage in Korea.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• v.19 no.8
• /
• pp.749-759
• /
• 2009

A survey of Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner) strains isolated from Spanish citrus orchards has been performed, and the strains were tested for insecticidal activity against the Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), a key citrus pest in Spain. From a total of 150 environmental samples, 376 isolates were selected, recording a total B. thuringiensis index of 0.52. The collection was characterized by means of phase-contrast microscopy, SDS-PAGE, and PCR analysis with primer pairs detecting toxin genes cry1, cry2, cry3, cry4, cry5, cry7, cry8, cry9, cry10, cry11, cry12, cry14, cry17, cry19, cry21, cry27, cry39, cry44, cyt1, and cyt2. Diverse crystal inclusion morphologies were identified: bipyramidal (45%), round (40%), adhered to the spore (7%), small (5%), and irregular (3%). SDS-PAGE of spore-crystal preparations revealed 39 different electrophoresis patterns. All primer pairs used in PCR tests gave positive amplifications in strains of our collection, except for primers for detection of cry3, cry19, cry39, or cry44 genes. Strains containing cry1, cry2, cry4, and cry27 genes were the most abundant (48.7%, 46%, 11.2%, and 8.2% of the strains, respectively). Ten different genetic profiles were found, although a total of 109 strains did not amplify with the set of primers used. Screening for toxicity against C. capitata adults was performed using both spore-crystal and soluble fractions. Mortality levels were less than 30%. We have developed a large and diverse B. thuringiensis strain collection with huge potential to control several agricultural pests; however, further research is needed to find out Bt strains active against C. capitata.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
• /
• v.32 no.5
• /
• pp.396-406
• /
• 2016

Continuous supplementation of mineral nutrients and salicylic acid (SA) as foliar application could improve efficacy in controlling basal stem rot (BSR) disease in oil palm seedling. It is revealed from the results that the highest disease severity index (58.3%) was recorded in T8 treatments at 9 months after inoculation. The best disease control was achieved by T7 treatments (calcium/copper/SA [Ca/Cu/SA]) (5.0%) followed by T1 (5.5%), T5 (5.8%), T3 (8.3%), T6 (8.3%), T4 (13.3%), and T2 (15.8%) treatments. Continuous supplementation of Ca/Cu/SA was found to be the most effective in controlling the disease and the high performance liquid chromatography results showed the detection of ergosterol at very low concentration in the treated samples. Moreover, the transmission electron microscopy analysis results clearly indicated that T7 treatment was also enhancing lignification, which was responsible for the thickness of the secondary cell walls and middle lamella compared to untreated samples. It was therefore, concluded that continuous supplementation of minerals nutrients and SA could effectively suppress disease severity by reducing ergosterol activity and also improve the process of lignification in the treated plants. Furthermore, this treatment also managed to delay the onset of BSR symptoms and promote the growth of the seedlings and eventually suppress the BSR disease.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
• /
• v.37 no.5
• /
• pp.437-445
• /
• 2021

Tilletia laevis Kuhn (syn. Tilletia foetida (Wallr.) Liro.) causes wheat common bunt, which is one of the most devastating plant diseases in the world. Common bunt can result in a reduction of 80% or even a total loss of wheat production. In this study, the characteristics of T. laevis infection in compatible wheat plants were defined based on the combination of scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and laser scanning confocal microscopy. We found T. laevis could lead to the abnormal growth of wheat tissues and cells, such as leakage of chloroplasts, deformities, disordered arrangements of mesophyll cells and also thickening of the cell wall of mesophyll cells in leaf tissue. What's more, T. laevis teliospores were found in the roots, stems, flag leaves, and glumes of infected wheat plants instead of just in the ovaries, as previously reported. The abnormal characteristics caused by T. laevis may be used for early detection of this pathogen instead of molecular markers in addition to providing theoretical insights into T. laevis and wheat interactions for breeding of common bunt resistance.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
• /
• v.40 no.3
• /
• pp.310-321
• /
• 2024

Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) and tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) are well-known examples of the begomovirus and orthotospovirus genera, respectively. These viruses cause significant economic damage to tomato crops worldwide. Weeds play an important role in the ongoing presence and spread of several plant viruses, such as TYLCV and TSWV, and are recognized as reservoirs for these infections. This work applies a comprehensive approach, encompassing field surveys and molecular techniques, to acquire an in-depth understanding of the interactions between viruses and their weed hosts. A total of 60 tomato samples exhibiting typical symptoms of TYLCV and TSWV were collected from a tomato greenhouse farm in Nonsan, South Korea. In addition, 130 samples of 16 different weed species in the immediate surroundings of the greenhouse were collected for viral detection. PCR and reverse transcription-PCR methodologies and specific primers for TYLCV and TSWV were used, which showed that 15 tomato samples were coinfected by both viruses. Interestingly, both viruses were also detected in perennial weeds, such as Rumex crispus, which highlights their function as viral reservoirs. Our study provides significant insights into the co-occurrence of TYLCV and TSWV in weed reservoirs, and their subsequent transmission under tomato greenhouse conditions. This project builds long-term strategies for integrated pest management to prevent and manage simultaneous virus outbreaks, known as twindemics, in agricultural systems.