• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.63-74
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to investigate the differences in riding characteristics and helmet wearing conditions between bicycle and PMV riders so that the basis data necessary for the development of suitable helmets for each group is provided. For this purpose, riding characteristics and helmet wearing conditions of bicycle and PMV users were investigated using online survey method and then the survey results were interpreted by in-depth interview conducted for bicycle and PMV users. The online survey results showed that the PMV group showed shorter driving distance and more driving frequency than bicycle group. This short driving distance was due to the limitation of battery capacity of PMVs. Helmet wearing rate was significantly lower in PMV group than in bicycle group, which was associated with relatively low chances to drive long distance on the motorway. In the PMV group, the 'urban helmets' were mainly used, in which the appearance of helmet was priorized, but in the bicycle group, the 'road cycle helmets' were mainly used, in which the light weight or ventilation were priorized. Urban helmets caused stronger pain and more fitting problems than road cycle helmets because the head shapes of Koreans were not properly applied to the helmet design. Since the fitting problem and pain intensity were the important causes that making PMV users not wear the helmets, it is necessary to develop the urban helmets reflecting the head shapes of Koreans in order to increase the helmet wearing rate of the PMV users.

• Journal of Advanced Navigation Technology
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.265-272
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• 2019

In this paper, we selected commuting scenarios in the most congested metropolitan area in Korea, and conducted noise analysis during personal air vehicle (PAV) operation using aviation environmental design tool (AEDT)software which was developed by Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). Noise is the second important factor after safety in order to operate PAVs through concepts such as ODM (on-demand mobility) introduced by National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). Noise analysis were performed by modeling low-noise ePAVs as commercial helicopters and predicted residential suitability in order to resolve problems in which accurate NPD (noise power distance) data from PAVs were not released. The application of noise reduction technology such as electric propulsion has significantly reduced noise exposure levels and has reached the conclusion that commuting with PAVs is feasible without noise problems in the metropolitan area.

• Current Industrial and Technological Trends in Aerospace
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.64-76
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• 2011

The current development trend and status of a personal air vehicle, known as the novel concept of a transportation that combines a personal car with a light general aviation aircraft, is summarized to investigate its feasibility as a future transportation. In the paper, the development programs of a personal air vehicle such as AGATE, PAVE, SATS and NGATS are first summarized, and then the design, technical development and testing activities of Terrafugia's Transition and Moller International's M400 Skycar, which will be commercialized in a short time, are reviewed. Based on the assessment of technical issues with those vehicles, the key technologies for the future development of the personal air vehicle are suggested with two basic requirements of safety and mobility.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Aviation and Aeronautics
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.83-89
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• 2020

Personal air vehicle (PAV) is considered by aviation engineers as a solution to provide fast urban mobility. The purpose of designing a optionally piloted PAV (OPPAV) is to provide an individual air vehicle. The airframe structure is designed with high strength carbon fiber composite to reduce the aircraft weight. This paper presents an overview of sizing process for OPPAV at the conceptual design level. It consists of load analysis, structural sizing and development of efficient design allowable values for composite material. The weight is estimated based on sizing process, including strength and stiffness requirements. The objective of this study is to present a overview of structural sizing procedure and fast tool for preliminary design phases.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.11 no.12
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• pp.147-153
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• 2020

This study is aimed at a basic infrastructure for realizing urban air mobility (UAM) and personal air vehicle (PAV), which have recently been high interest as new means of transportation. The development of UAM and PAV technologies is a field of a high added value that the world is competitively pushing for the world. However, the three most fundamental aspects are the establishing an aviation certification system, finding reliable manufacturers having advanced technical abilities, and the training/securing of professional manpower. Above all, the aviation certification system will be established for the first time. Based on the certification system, it will be possible to realize the government's policy goal of introducing new means of transportation, including the production of aircraft and to realize commercialization that meets international standards that satisfy conformity and compliance. In addition, finding reliable manufacturers, fostering professionals, and establishing an educating system for stable supplying of the professionals are main projects to become a leading country in the field.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Aviation and Aeronautics
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.171-175
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• 2020

The present and future cities are expanding, and the noise and environmental pollution in cities are getting worse day by day, causing saturation of road and subway traffic. As a result, citizens are spending a great deal of time and money. The use of the sky as a measure to solve this problem has become a reality. However, airplanes that require airstrips and noisy helicopters are difficult to use in cities. As a solution, PAVs and UAMs that generate low noise and enable vertical takeoff and landing using electric energy, motor, hybrid, and hydrogen energy, are attracting attention, with its practicality being promoted in many countries. The development of urban environment and technology has led to the emergence of Personal Air Vehicle (PAV), Vertical Takeoff and Landing (eVTOL), and Urban Air Mobility (UAM) for shipping. Though currently at the level of testing, general commercialization of these air transport means is expected in the next five to fifteen years. This study suggests a plan on the application of human factors to the introduction of PAV and UAM.

• Journal of Auto-vehicle Safety Association
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.39-45
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• 2017

Two-wheeled motorcycles rarely use windscreen wipers in general. However, if two or more wheeled motorcycles with upper body employ windscreen wiper systems, clear visibility should be ensured regardless of weather conditions. The windscreen wiper systems include washers, defrosting, and demisting. As demands for the personal mobility are rapidly increased, the related global safety standards for motorcycles with upper body have been revised accordingly. Currently only EU regulations issue the provisions of windscreen wiper systems for L-category vehicles, which characterize two or more wheeled motorcycles. Therefore, in order to agree with international safety standards, it is necessary to revise KMVSS (Korea Motor Vehicle Safety Standards) for motorcycles. Here, KMVSS regarding windscreen wiper systems for motorcycles are studied considering the EU regulations. It is expected that the findings in this study are useful for future amendment of KMVSS.

• International Journal of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.201-208
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• 2022

As around the world, ground and underground transportation capacity is reaching its limit, centering on urban areas. As urban traffic becomes congested, time and cost are astronomical, and environmental destruction caused by urban pollution is becoming increasingly serious. As a way to solve this problem, the means of flying over the air are in the spotlight as the next generation of future transportation, and the concept of urban air mobility (UAM, Urban Air Mobility) is defined as systematic planning. The development of an electric-powered vertical take-off (eVTOL) aircraft that obtains electric power through a battery using a personal aerial vehicle (PAV) as a means of transportation has accelerated. As the aircraft development of new technology aircraft in the evtol method is actively carried out, the need to prepare systems such as aircraft certification standards, pilot qualification systems, and qualification management is emerging. The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and the European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA), which lead international standards, announced new special technical conditions and temporary regulations SCVTOL-01, respectively. However, the pilot qualification system for operating the uam aircraft has not yet been clearly announced. Therefore, this paper analyzes the recently announced FAA regulations and EASA regulations to identify differences and directions in perspectives on UAMs and study the existing vertical take-off and landing aircraft (VTOL) pilot qualification system to present directions for qualification classification.

• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.100-118
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• 2021

In this study, PM accidents (1,603case) and bicycle accidents (14,672case) that occurred in the last three years were analyzed to determine the characteristics of PM traffic accidents. In particular, PM traffic accidents were divided into perpetrators and victims to determine the characteristics in detail. For PM accidents, the analysis was conducted on the status of each road grade, road type, weather condition, accident type, day and night occurrence, and vehicle type. The number of PM accidents that occurred in 2019 increased by 129%, and deaths increased by more than 200% compared to the previous year. The proportion of pedestrian accidents among PM traffic accidents was higher than that of bicycle accidents. Therefore, regulations on PM traffic are necessary. For the 20 deaths of PM, a detailed analysis was conducted to analyze the factors of traffic accidents. PM fatalities occurred in 50% of vehicle accidents, and 7 out of 10 vehicle accidents occurred at night. This is believed to have been caused by falling or overturning due to an obstacle, such as a depression in the road pavement or a speed bump.

• Convergence Security Journal
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.105-113
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• 2008

Mobile computing environment is known to be quite difficult to provide user with a stable Quality of Service (QoS) due to vehicle mobility nature. In order to protect the inherent characteristics of wireless network such as low bandwidth and high transmission delay along with the vehicle's mobility, many works are conducted to apply caching and prefetching methods. This paper presents a novel prefetching technique which is based on owner's profile. It is the scheme with the vehicle velocity, the visit frequency and resident time of specific region for vehicle owner's past given period, and the user profile which has owner's personal inclination about a certain place. The proposed scheme shown relatively superior performance in terms of the utilization ratio of prefetched information and the failure ratio of information retrieval than the previous methods.