• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.321-325
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• 2002

For examination, amaranth was first dried its surface after sufficient soaking in water. Dried amaranth was roasted when the moisture contents reached 30∼50%, its nasty smell disappeared and its color turned to yellow and it was puffed. Pretreated amaranth was added to biscuit for the improvement of apparence and merchandise value. The maximum expansion was reported at the moisture percentage of 130∼160% according to the examination of expansion and moisture percentage. In order to compare gelatinization of different processing, three different amaranth were prepared as follows ; Raw amaranth, steamed/dried amaranth, and roasted amaranth. The degree of gelatinization was increased as the percentage of moisture was increased and the degree of gelatinization of roasted amaranth was higher than the one of steamed/dried amaranth, their moisture contents were 62.10% and 57.59%, respectively In addition, the hardness($\times$10$\^$5/dyn/㎠) of roasted amaranth was showed lower values than that of steamed amaranth and raw amaranth were showed the large values. After examining biscuits containing each amaranth, raw amaranth had problem with nasty smell and bad texture, and streamed/dried amaranth were able to remove viscosity but turned brown. Biscuits containing roasted amaranth had good smell and texture, and besides the color of biscuits became bright because roasted amaranth turned white. Biscuits tasted best when it contained 5% of roasted amaranth. The rancidity of biscuits with 5% roasted amaranth were proceeded slowly while roasted amaranth itself had high acid value and peroxide value. For the safety from oxidation, it was fairly safe for about 6 months.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.111-117
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• 2007

This study was designed to investigate the effects of pyroligneous liquor on oxygen radicals and their scavenger enzymes in the liver of Cri/Bgi CD rats (7 rats per group). Male rats were fed a basic diet prepared in our Lab., PL-0 (Control), PL-1, PL-25, PL-50 and PL-75 groups were Prepared to be 0%, 1%, 25%, 50% and 75%with distilled water using pyroligneous liquor (35% of Choa Co. Ltd.), and were administrated orally for 8 weeks. Superoxide radical contents in liver mitochondria and microsomes were significantly decreased to 12-14%, 11-15%, respectively, in these PL-25 and PL-50groups compared with the control group. Hydroxyl radical content in mitochondria and microsomes were markedly decreased to 12-20% and 17%, respectively, in these PL-25 and PL-50% groups compared with the control group. Hydrogen peroxide content in mitochondria and microsomes were significantly decreased about 15-12% and 22-20% in liver of PL-25 and PL-50 groups compared with the control group. Mn-SOD and Cu/Zn-SOD activities in liver of PL-25 and PL-50 groups were remarkably increased to 15-25%, 11-16%, respectively, compared with the control group. GPx activities in mitochondria and microsomes were significantly increased in the liver of PL-25 and PL-50 groups compared with the control group. CAT activities in mitochondria and cytosol were significantly increased to 12-14%, 15-27%, respectively, in the liver of PL-25 and PL-50 groups compared with the control group. These results suggest that long term administration orally of 25 and 50% pyroligneous liquor may effectively inhibit the formation of oxygen free radicals, and also scavenger enzyme activities significantly increase through the administration orally.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.608-613
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• 1997

This study was designed to investigate the biochemical pollutant marker for diagnosis of marine pollutions by changes in oxygen radicals and their scavenger enzymes of the flounder (Pleuronichthys cornutus) in the Yellow Sea of Korea Protein contents in brain and muscle of wild flounders in the Yellow Sea were remarkably lower $(15\~45\%,\;and\;35\~45\%,\;respectively)$ than those of wild flounder in Pohang (control) of the East Sea. Lipid peroxide (LPO) levels in serum of wild flounders in the Yellow Sea were Significantly higher $(30\~70\%)$ than those of wild flounder in Pohang. Hydroxyl radical formations in serum of wild flounders in the Yellow Sea were significantly high $(15\~90\%)$ than those of wild flounders in Pohang. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities in serum of wild flounders in the yellow Sea were significantly lower $(20\~40\%)$ than those of wild flounders in Pohang, and glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx) activities in brain of wild flounders in the Yellow Sea were also significanlty lower $(10\~60\%)$ than those of wild flounders in Pohang. These results suggest that significantly decreases of protein contents in brain and muscle, remarkable in creases of malondialdehyde (LPD) in serum and decreases of SOD and GSHPx activities in serum and brain of wild flounders of the Yellow Sea may be used as a biochemical pollutant markers for diagnosis of marine pollutions.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.38 no.8
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• pp.989-995
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• 2009

Extract yield of tartary buckwheat treated with water, 70% ethanol or methanol were about 13.6%, 7.0% and 6.6%, respectively. Extract yield was greatly increased by the treatment of $\alpha$-amylase indicating 95.1% yield. $RC_{50}$ value of DPPH radical scavenging activity with methanol and 70% ethanol extracts were 34.0 $\mu g$/mL, 40.5 $\mu g$/mL, respectively. The DPPH radical scavenging activity increased when it was treated with $\beta$-glucosidase and cellulase, showing $RC_{50}$ value of 24.7 $\mu g$/mL and 25.0 $\mu g$/mL, respectively. In ABTS radical scavenging activity, methanol extract (100 $\mu g$/mL) showed 30% inhibition. In DPPH or ABTS radical scavenging activities, the treatment of $\beta$-glucanase and $\alpha$-amylase shows the highest and the lowest activities, respectively. In $\alpha$-glucosidase inhibitory effect, 70% ethanol extract showed $RC_{50}$ value of 59.9 $\mu g$/mL, but water extract was not inhibitory effective. The $\alpha$-glucosidase inhibitory effect was the highest in multi enzyme treatment. Content of rutin and quercetin in methanol extract showed higher value with 4400.3 mg% and 71.9 mg%, respectively. The 70% ethanol extract of buckwheat contained rutin of 3459.8 mg% and quercetin of 56.9 mg%. In the treatment of $\beta$-glucanase, the rutin content of ethanol extract increased with 5057.4 mg% and multi-enzyme treatment resulted in the modification of rutin glycoside.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.153-160
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• 2005

There have been large areas of soil contaminated with high levels of explosives. For this experimental work, 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) was tested as a representative explosive contaminant of concern in both aqueous and soil samples and its removal was evaluated using three different chemical treatment methods: 1) the classical Fenton reaction which utilizes hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$) and soluble iron at pH less than 3; 2) a modified Fenton reaction which utilizes chelating agents, $H_2O_2$, and soluble iron at pH 7; and 3) a Fenton-like process which utilizes iron minerals instead of soluble iron and $H_2O_2$, generating a hydroxyl radical. Using classic Fenton reaction, 93% of TNT was removed in 20 h at pH 3 (soil spiked with 300 mg/L of TNT, 3% $H_2O_2$ and 1mM Fe(III)), whereas 21% removed at pH 7. The modified Fenton reaction, using nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA), oxalate, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), acetate and citrate as representative chelating agents, was tested with 3% $H_2O_2$ at pH 7 for 24 h. Results showed the TNT removal in the order of NTA, EDTA, oxalate, citrate and acetate, with the removal efficiency of 87%, 71%, 64%, 46%, and 37%, respectively, suggesting NTA as the most effective chelating agent. The Fenton-like reaction was performed with water contaminated with 100 mg/L TNT and soil contaminated with 300 mg/L TNT, respectively, using 3% $H_2O_2$ and such iron minerals as goethite, magnetite, and hematite. In the goethite-water system, 33% of TNT was removed at pH 3 whereas 28% removed at pH 7. In the magnetite-water system, 40% of TNT was removed at pH 3 whereas 36% removed at pH 7. In the hematite-water system, 40% of TNT was removed at pH 3 whereas 34% removed at pH 7. For further experiments combining the modified Fenton reaction with the Fenton-like reaction, NTA, EDTA, and oxalate were selected with the natural iron minerals, magnetite and hematite at pH 7, based on the results from the modified Fenton reaction. As results, in case magnetite was used, 79%, 59%, and 14% of TNT was removed when NTA, oxalate, and EDTA used, respectively, whereas 73%, 25%, and 19% removed in case of hematite, when NTA, oxalate, and EDTA used, respectively.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.73-78
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• 2014

This study was carried out to establish the self-specification and shelf-life by standardization of manufacturing process for Tenebrio molitor larvae. First, standardization of manufacturing process for T. molitor was set up. Sterilization for larvae placed on a multistage shelf with intervals of about 10 cm was carried out at $115^{\circ}C$, $1kgf/cm^2$ for 10 min. After sterilization, T. molitor larvae were frozen at less than $-35^{\circ}C$ for more than 12 hrs. And then, they were dried under $-15^{\circ}C$, 0.5 torr vacuum for more than 30 hrs. Second, we decided self-specification for T. molitor larvae. Their moisture, acidity, peroxide, crude protein and crude fat level should be 5% or less, 3 mg/g or less, 30 meq/g or less, 45% or more, and 25% or more, respectively. Also, oleic acid, representative material, level was set up 11 ~ 16%. Third, we decided shelf-life by analysis of the physicochemical characteristic, sensory evaluation and microbial indicators. The final expiry date for lyophilized T. molitor larvae in PET bottle was calculated as 12 months from date of manufacture. We expect that optimal manufacturing process system, self-specification, and shelf-life proposed in this study can be used in industrial production of T. molitor as a novel food.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.112-118
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• 1978

Four domestic frying oils (soybean, corn, rapeseed and rice bran oil) were studied on their changing properties according to thermal oxidation by means of chemical analysis of their compositions and measurements of various physical and chemical properties. The content of linoleic acid which is an essential unsaturated fatty acid and the total amount of unsaturated fatty acids were highest in soybean oil (53.2% and 80.3% respectively) among the unheated frying oils and the degree of its thermal degradation was lowest during the continuous heating period for 48 hours at $180^{\circ}C$. However in general, the contents of unsaturated fatty acids were sharply decreased by thermal oxidation whereas the saturated fatty acid contents ranging 10-17% were not changed considerably, which largely agreed with the results of iodine value measurements. The free acid and peroxide values were also lowest in soybean oil (0.09 and 5.6 respectively) among the unheated oils whereas an anomalously high free acid value was observed in rapeseed oil (54.8) which was packed in unleveled glass bottles. Such a high value is probably ascribed to the photo-catalyzed oxidation during storage. The viscosity measurements have shown similar values before heating, but after thermal oxidation for 32 hours the rapeseed and rice bran oils became too thick to measure viscosity by capillary flow method with heavy darkening in color.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.28 no.12
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• pp.1323-1330
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• 2006

In this study, five different odor causing compounds in the Nakdong river and rapid sand filtered waters were treated by oxidation from $O_3/H_2O_2$ process. In addition, the change in BDOC formation by the $O_3/H_2O_2$ process was also investigated for considering this advanced oxidation Process as a pre-treatment to the BAC treatment process. The experimental result showed that the removal efficiency of geosmin was higher with the use of 5 mg/L of $O_3$ and 0.2 mg/L of $H_2O_2$ than with the use of 20 mg/L of $O_3$ alone for the sand filtered water. And in general, the removal efficiency of geosmin in raw water was $12{\sim}27%$ lower than the one in sand filtered water. In sand filtered water. the removal efficiencies of geosmin and IPMP decreased when $H_2O_2/O_3$ ratio increases above the optimum ratio. The optimum ratio of $H_2O_2/O_3$ dose was $0.5{\sim}1.0$ for geosmin and $0.2{\sim}1.0$ for IPMP. However, the optimum ratio of $H_2O_2/O_3$ in raw water remove geosmin appealed to $1.0{\sim}3.0$. According to the experimental results for the removal of 5 different odor causing compounds under varied $O_3$ doses, the removal efficiency of IPMP was the highest with 60% and, in overall, $O_3/H_2O_2$ process showed higher removal efficiency than $O_3$ alone process. The BDOC formation by the $O_3/H_2O_2$ process increased from $0.1{\sim}0.25$ to $0.19{\sim}0.34$ comparing to $O_3$ process alone. Therefore, it is concluded that the advanced oxidation process with $O_3/H_2O_2$ can be used as a pretreatment to the BAC treatment process.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.363-367
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• 1983

Low salt fermented products of anchovy, Engraulis japonica, caught in the coasts of East Sea of Korea, were prepared tentatively and also discussed the retarding effect of rancidity of the product by the addition of BHA or red pepper. Fresh anchovies were purchased from Kichang fish market. The raw samples were mixed with $8\%$ table salt, $0.5\%$ lactic acid, $6\%$ sorbitol, $4\%$ ethyl alcohol and $0.02\%$ BHA or $0.5\%$ red pepper and filled in the glass bottles and sealed with the cap. Conventional fermented product of anchovy as a control was prepared from fresh anchovy and $20\%$ salt only. After preparation, the products were fermented for 90 days at room temperature. Amino-nitrogen, TBA value, peroxide value and viable counts of bacteria of these products were determined and also evaluation of their qualify was compared with control product by sensory evaluation during fermentation. Amino-nitrogen contents of the low salt products reached a peak in 55 days of fermentation, and the volatile basic nitrogen contents ranged $100\;mg\%$ even after 90 days of fermentation. Thiobarbituric acid value of the product with $0.02\%$ BHA showed a little increase up to 65 days of fermentation regardless of salt contents, while that of the control product increased sharply up to 65 days and then decreased gradually. BHA was effective on retarding rancidity of fermented products of anchovy and red pepper was also slightly effective. All the products showed the highest cell population in about 55 days of fermentation. Judging from the results of analysis and sensory evaluation, the low salt fermented product of anchovy could be prepared with $8\%$ salt, $0.5\%$ lactic acid, $6\%$ sorbitol, $4\%$ ethyl alcohol and $0.02\%$ BHA or $0.5\%$ red pepper to the fresh round anchovy.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.36 no.8
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• pp.801-810
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• 2003

Chronic alcoholism is considered a common cause of malnutrition. Especially, micronutrient deficiency may playa critical role in the incidence of alcoholic liver diseases. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of folate deficiency and ethanol consumption on cholesterol metabolism and the antioxidative system in rats. Plasma concentration of total cholesterol was increased by ethanol administration in folate-fed rats. HDL-cholesterol tended to be higher in the folate-fed group, but it was not significant. The plasma and hepatic levels of malondialdehyde were increased after chronic ethanol feeding, but dietary folate depressed the plasma malondialdehyde content of rats. Ethanol or folate feeding did not significantly change alcohol dehydrogenase activity. But folate feeding increased catalase activity in ethanol-fed rats. There was no significant change in superoxide dismutase activity among the experimental groups. Glutathione peroxidase activity tended to decrease by chronic ethanol feeding, but dietary folate did not affectthe glutathione peroxidase activity of chronic ethanol-fed rats. Glutathionine-S-transferase activity was not affected by ethanol feeding or folate deficiency. The plasma and hepatic levels of retinol decreased after chronic ethanol feeding. The hepatic level of retinol significantly decreased in ethanol-fed rats by folate deficiency. The plasma level of $\alpha$-tocopherol tended to be low in the folate deficient group with ethanol feeding, but there was no difference among the experimental groups in the hepatic level of $\alpha$-tocopherol. These results demonstrate that chronic ethanol consumption changes the plasma cholesterol metabolism and antioxidative system of rats, and optimal folate feeding in ethanol-fed rats exerts protective effects to some extent.