• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.545-559
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• 1998

Magnoliae cortex has been used as a drug for treatment of fractures in Chinese medicine and safflower(Carthamus tinctorius $Linn{\acute{e}}$) has been traditionally used for treatment of blood stasis. The purpose of present study was to examine the biologic effects of magnoliae cortex extract and safflower extract mixture(MSM) on human periodontal ligament cells and fetal rat calvarial osteoblasts and on healing of rat calvarial defects. The ethanolic extracts of magnoliae cortex(MCE), safflower seed(SSE), Zea May L(ZML) were prepared as positive control group. MSM mixed to the ratios of 1 : 1, 1 : 2, 1 : 5 and 1 : 10 were used as test group. The effects of each agents on the growth and survival, ALPase activity, cell proliferation and tissue regenerative effect of each extracts was evaluated by histomorphometric measuring of newly formed bone on the 8 mm defect in rat calvaria after oral administration of 2 ratio groups(1 : 5 and 1 : 10) at 3 different doses (0.1, 0.25 and 0.5g/kg per day). MSM stimulated the growth and survival rate of osteoblasts and PDL cells more than any other agents. The growth and survival rate were increased as the proportion of safflower seed extract was increased. MCE, SSE, ZML stimulated the ALPase activity of osteoblast and PDL cell in comparison to the negative control group. But all groups of MSM regardless of ratio of safflower seed extract stimulated the ALPase activity than any other agent. The ALPase activity was also increased as the proportion of safflower seed extract was increased. Although MCE, SSE, ZML stimulated the proliferation of osteoblasts. 1 : 5 and 1 : 10 ratio MSM showed significant increase in stimulation of proliferation of osteoblasts. No agent significantly increased proliferation of PDL cells. Significant new bone formation were seen where 1 : 5 ratio, 0.5g/kg group and 1 : 10 ratio, 0.25, 0.5g/kg groups were used. These results show that magnoliae cortex extract and safflower seed extract mixture can potentially increase bone regeneration ability.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.771-778
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• 1996

The assessment of alveolar bone changes on dental radiographs to indicate progression of periodontal diseases or healing response to therapy is routine procedure. However, the diagnostic accuracy in detecting small alveolar bone changes is very limited. Recently, guided bone regeneration therapy is popular, but the quantification of new bone is somewhat difficult with conventional evaluation method. To quantificate the amount of new bone, various evaluating methods have been introduced including histomorphometry, radiomorphometry, biochemical analysis, X-ray probe microanalysis, scanning electron microscope backscatter method. In this study, guided bone regeneration using resorbable membrane with & without PDGF-BB is quatificated through histomorphmetry to evaluate the efficacy of histomorphometric analysis. 4 beagle dogs and 8 Sprague-Dawley rats were selected as experimental animals. In beagle dog experiment, $4{\times}4mm$ Class II defects were created in maxillary both second premolars, and biodegradable membrane containing PDGF-BB(experimental group) were covered over one defect, and same membrane without PDGF-BB(control group) were covered over the other defect. At 2 weeks, 5 weeks after surgery, each beagle dogs were sacrificed, and the tissues were treated by undecalcified fixation. In Sprague-Dawley rat experiment, 5mm round defect were created in temporal bone, the same membranes were covered on the defects. At 1 week, 2 weeks after surgery, each rats were sacrificed, and undecalcified fixation were taken. After grinding tissue specimen, we analyse them histomorphometrically using image analysis system. In beagle dog 2 weeks specimens, new bone formation area were $0.03123mm^2$ in experimental group,and $0.03012mm^2$ in control group. At 5 weeks specimens, $0.15324mm^2$ in experimental group, and $0.09123mm^2$ in control group. In Sprague-Dawley rat specimens, new bone fomation area were $0.20448mm^2$ in 1 week experimental group, $0.03604mm^2$ in 1 week control group. At 2 weeks specimens, $0.46349mm^2$ in experimental group, $0.17741mm^2$ in control group. The results indicated that histomorphometric analysis of new bone formation using image analysis system is very effective quantification method to evaluate the efficacy of treatment modalities.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.317-328
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• 1997

Since laser therapy has been applied to dentistry, many dental practitioners are very interested in laser therapy on various intraoral soft tissue lesions including gingival hyperplasia and aphthous ulcer. The purpose of the present study was to determine the therapeutic effect and the harmful effect of a pulsed-Nd:YAG laser irradiation on human gingival tissue. In twenty periodontal patients with gingival enlargement, the facial gingival surface of maxillary anterior teeth was randomly irradiated at various power of 1.0W(100mJ, 10Hz), 3.0W(100mJ, 30Hz) and 6.0W(l50mJ, 40Hz) for 60 seconds by contact delivery of a pulsed-Nd:YAG laser(EN.EL.EN060, Italy). Immediately after laser irradiation, the gingival tissues were surgically excised and prepared in size of 1mm3. Subsequently the specimens were processed for prefixation and postfixation, embedded with epon mixture, sectioned in $1{\mu}$ thickness, stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate, and observed under transmission electron microscope(JEM 100 CXII). Following findings were observed; l. In the gingival specimens irradiated with l.OW power, widening of intercelluar space and minute vesicle formation along the widened intercellular space were noted at the epithelial cells adjacent to irradiated area. 2. In the gingival specimens irradiated with 3.0W power, the disruption of cellular membrane, aggregation of cytoplasm, and loss of intercellular space were observed at the epithelial cells adjacent to irradiated area. 3. In the gingival specimens irradiated with 6.0W power, the disruption of nuclear and cellular membrane was observed at the epithelial cells adjacent to irradiated area. The ultrastructural findings of this study suggest that surgical application of a pulsed-Nd:YAG laser on human gingival tissue may lead somewhat delayed wound healing due to damage of epithelial cells adjacent to irradiated area.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.27-46
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• 1996

The purpose of this study was designed to compare with the effects of 4 different surface active bioceramics on the healing process of alveolar bone defects in dogs. Artificial alveolar bone defects depth 4-6mm, width 3-4mm) were created with # 6 round bur at interproximal areas of maxillary canine, maxillary 2nd premolar, mandibular canine, and mandibular 3rd premolar. porous hydroxyapatite(Interpore $200^R$) , 45S5 bioglass, CJ4/lOC crystalline glass, and JJ crystalline glass were implanted in intrabony defects randomly. Experimental groups were divided into 4 categories according to its implant material. After implantation, all groups were examined postoperatively 4 weeks to 12 weeks. 3 dogs was selected randomly and sacrificed after vascular perfusion with 2.5% glutaraldehyde at every 4 weeks. Tissue blocks with surroundig alveolar bone and soft tissues were removed and immersed in formaldehyde/glutaraldehyde fixative. After 20 weeks decalcification with EDTA and formic acid, sections were made and observed under light microscope and transmission electron microscope. In all experimental groups, the encapsulation of inactive connective tissue was observed around graft particles in 4 weeks. As time elapsed, the thickness of surrounding connective tissue was decreased. Osteoconductive bone growth pattern was seen apparently in all groups. CJ4/lOC crystalline glass showed the most active bone formation until 8 weeks. 45S5 bioglass was, however, the most active in new bone formation at 12 weeks. Though there was difference in resorption rate among grafting materials, the size of graft particles was decreased gradually. 45S5 bioglass was resorbed faster than the others. On the other hand, porous hydroxyapatite was degraded most slowly. Phagocytosed particulate matters was observed in the cytoplasm of multinuclear multinuclear giant cell and macrophage under transmission electron microscope. The results suggested suggested that 45S5 bioglass and CJ4/lOC crystalline glass may have some enhanced reparative potential when compared to porous hydroxapatite in the treatment of periodontal defeds. JJ crystalline glass reguires a further investigation of the safety of its use.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• 제3권3호
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• pp.161-165
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• 2011

PURPOSE. This randomized clinical trial was conducted to assess the safety and effectiveness of the ErhBMP-2 in alveolar bone regeneration as well as preservation of the ${\beta}$-TCP bone graft material that contains ErhBMP-2. MATERIALS AND METHODS. This study involved 72 patients at the 3 study centers. The patients, who were divided into 2 groups: the experiment group who had ErhBMP-2 coated TCP/HA and the control group who had TCP/HA graft material alone transplanted immediately after tooth extraction. CT was taken before and 3 months after the transplantation and healing status was compared between the two groups. The efficacy endpoints that were used to measure the degree of bone induction included alveolar bone height and 3 measurements of bone width. The paired t test was used to determine the significance of the changes (P<.05). RESULTS. Changes in alveolar bone height were $-1.087{\pm}1.413$ mm in the control group and $-.059{\pm}0.960$ mm in the experimental group (P<.01). At 25% extraction socket length [ESL], the changes were $0.006{\pm}1.149$ mm in the control group and $1.279{\pm}1.387$ mm in the experimental group. At 50% ESL, the changes were $0.542{\pm}1.157$ mm and $1.239{\pm}1.249$ mm, respectively (P<.01 for 25% ESL, and P<.05 for 50% ESL). During the experiment, no adverse reactions to the graft material were observed. CONCLUSION. ErhBMP-2 coated ${\beta}$-TCP/HA were found to be more effective in preserving alveolar bone than conventional ${\beta}$-TCP/HA alloplastic bone graft materials.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.737-747
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• 2001

Regeneration of Periodontium with PRP does not only improve regeneration rate and density of bone but have a possibility to estimate faster healing process for soft tissue. And also, synthetic bone and xenogenic bone graft are effective on regeneration of periodontium. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of synthetic bone ($Biogran^{(R)}$) and xenogenic bone ($BBP^{(R)}$) grafts with the PRP technique on regeneration of periodontium. 52 Generally healthy Pt. who had pocket depth 5mm at any of 6 surfaces of the teeth were in the study at Dept. of Perio. in Dankook Dental Hospital. Open Flap was treated for 18 infra-bony pockets as control group, $Biogran^{(R)}$ with PRP was inserted for 25 infrabony pockets as first test group, and $BBP^{(R)}$ with PRP was inserted for 22 infrabony pockets as 2nd test group. Then evaluation was made after 3 and 6 months 1. 6 months after surgery, each difference of average probing pocket depth was $2.61{\pm}0.23$ for control, $3.40{\pm}0.30$ for 1st test, and $3.45{\pm}0.37$ for 2nd test group. 2. 6 months after surgery, each difference of clinical probing attachment level was $1.39{\pm}0.12$ for control, $2.88{\pm}0,24$ for 1st, and $2.86{\pm}0,27$ for 2nd test group. 3. 6 months after surgery, each difference of Maximal probing attachment level was $1.11{\pm}0.16$ for control, $3.28{\pm}0.30$ for 1st, and $3.27{\pm}0.35$ for 2nd test group. 4. There were significant differences for clinical change of each three group which were between average probing pocket depth and clinical attachment level of 3,6 months and minimal and maximal attachment level after 6 months 5. There were significant differences for average probing pocket depth which were only at control group and 2nd test group between 1 and 6months. For clinical attachment level and minimal and maximal proving attachment level, there was a significant difference after 6month of surgery. 6. There was no significant difference between two test groups for average probing depth, clinical attachment level, and minima1 and maximal probing attachment level. As the result, PRP with bone graft is very effective for regeneration of periodontium and there is no difference between xenogenic bone and synthetic bone.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제38권1호
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• pp.17-24
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• 2011

미성숙 영구 전치에서 MTA를 이용한 치근단 형성술의 예후를 평가하기 위해, 영구 전치의 외상으로 MTA를 이용한 치근단 형성술을 받은 환자 중 최소 3개월 이상의 경과 관찰이 시행된 환자 49명, 치아 64개의 의무기록과 방사선 사진을 검토하였다. 환자 정보, 치아 및 치주조직 외상 위치와 유형, 치료 전 치근단 병소 유무, 임상 증상 유무, MTA 충전 상태, 치근단 형성술 이후 치근단 병소 치유 및 치근단 경조직 장벽 형성 여부를 조사하고, 임상적, 방사선학적 성공을 평가하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 64개의 미성숙 영구전치에 시행된 MTA를 이용한 1-visit 치근단 형성술은 89.1%의 임상적 성공률과 73.4%의 방사선학적 성공률을 보였다. 2. 상악 치아와 하악 치아에 행해진 MTA를 이용한 1-visit 치근단 형성술 비교시 상악에서 유의하게 더 높은 성공률을 보였다. 3. 치아 외상 및 치주조직 외상 유형에 따른 성공률은 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 4. MTA의 적절한 충전 여부는 성공률에 영향을 미치지 않았다.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.399-406
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• 2011

영구치의 외상성 손상은 전체 외상 환자 중 높은 빈도로 발생하며 사고의 대부분은 치근이 미완성되어 있는 시기에 발생하여 치수, 치주인대, 치조골, Hertwig 상피 근초(HERS)에 다양한 영향을 주게 된다. 손상 정도에 따라 치수의 완전한 재혈관화, 근관 석회화, 근관내 치조골 함입 등의 다양한 치유 양상을 나타내며, 치근단의 성장 정지 및 치수 괴사로 인한 염증성 치근 흡수 등의 합병증을 나타낼 수 있다. 본 증례에서는 미성숙 영구치 치근단을 가진 세 환아에서 외상에 의한 Hertwig 상피 근초의 손상으로 발치와 기저부에 존재하는 치근막 세포와 골세포의 치수강내로의 증식으로 인해 치근 발육 정지 및 근관내로의 치조골 함입을 나타내어 보고하고자 한다. 외상 후 Hertwig 상피 근초의 손상에 의한 근관내로의 치조골 함입 치유 양상은 치수는 정상적인 기능을 하는 것으로 생각되며, 유착 등의 합병증이 동반되지 않는 경우 특별한 치료를 필요로 하지 않으므로 감별 진단이 요구되며, 외상 받은 치아의 치료시 Hertwig 상피 근초에 대한 부가적인 외상을 가하지 않도록 주의해야 한다.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.597-610
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• 2001

Normal gingival fibroblasts functioning is fundamental for the maintenance of periodontal connective tissue as well as wound healing. Nicotine have been found to affect DNA synthesis and cell proliferation, which appear to depend on the type of cells. This in vitro study was done to determine the effects of nicotine, a major component of tobacco, on cell proliferation, viability, activity, cell cycle distribution, and expression of cell cycle regulatory proteins in human gingival fibroblasts. Nicotine has been tested for 2 days or 4 days in 5 different concentrations; $0.1{\mu}g/ml$; $1{\mu}g/ml$; $10{\mu}g/ml$; $100{\mu}g/ml$; $1000{\mu}g/ml$. To assess cell proliferation and viability, viable and non-viable cells were counted by hemocytometer; to evaluate cellular activity, MTT assay was employed; to analyze cell cycle distribution, fluorescent propidium iodide-DNA complex were measured using fluorocytometer; to determine the expression of cell cycle regulatory proteins, western blot analysis was performed. After 2 days and 4 days incubation respectively, at concentrations of $1{\mu}g/ml$ - $1000{\mu}g/ml$, nicotine significantly inhibited proliferation comparing to non-supplemented controls. The cell viability was significantly decreased after 2 days and 4 days at concentrations of $1{\mu}g/ml$ - $1000{\mu}g/ml$ and at $10{\mu}g/ml$ - $1000{\mu}g/ml$ respectively. After 2 days and 4 days, the cellular activity was significantly decreased at concentrations of $10{\mu}g/ml$ - $1000{\mu}g/ml$. Treatment with $100{\mu}g/ml$ nicotine for 48 hours caused an increase in the proportion of G1-phase cells (from 46.41% to 53.46%) and a decrease in the proportion of S-phase cells (from 17.80% to 14.27%). The levels of cyclin $D_1$ and CDK 4 proteins in nicotine-treated fibroblasts were lower than that of controls, whereas the levels of p16 and pRB were higher than that of controls. These results suggest that the decrease of cell proliferation and lengthened Gap phases (G1) by nicotine may due to the increased expression of p16 and pRB as well as decreased expression of cyclin $D_1$ and CDK 4 in human gingival fibroblasts.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.345-357
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• 2005

Prostaglandin plays a significant role in the local control of bone metabolism associated with periodontal disease. ${\Delta}^{12}-PGJ_2$ is a natural $PGD_2$ metabolite that is formed in vivo in the presence of plasma. It is known for ${\Delta}^{12}-PGJ_2$ to stimulate calcification in osteoblastic cells. Bone morphogenetic protein(BMP) stimulated osteoblastic differentiation in various types of cells and greatly enhanced healing of bony defects. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of rhEMP-2 on ${\Delta}^{12}-PGJ_2$ induced osteoblastic differentiation and mineralization in vitro. A human osteosarcoma cells line Saos-2 were cultured. In the test groups, 10-7M of ${\Delta}^{12}-PGJ_2$ or mixture of 10-8M of ${\Delta}^{12}-PGJ_2$ and 100ng/ml of rhBMP-2 or 100ng/ml of rhEMP-2 were added to culture media. After 1 day, 2 days and 4 days of culture period, the cell number was measured. Alkaline phosphatase activity was measure at 3 days. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR) was performed to determine the expression of mRNA of bone matrix protein at 8 hours, 1 day and 7 days. The ability to produce mineralized nodules in rat osteoblasts(MC3T3-E1) was evaluated at 21 days. The results were as follows : 1. rhEMP-2 or mixture of rhBMP-2 and ${\Delta}^{12}-PGJ_2$ inhibited cell proliferation of human osteosarcoma cells. 2. rhEMP-2 or mixture of rhBMP-2 and ${\Delta}^{12}-PGJ_2$ stimulated alkaline phosphatase activity significantly higher than ${\Delta}^{12}-PGJ_2$ alone. 3. rhBMP-2 or mixture of rhEMP-2 and ${\Delta}^{12}-PGJ_2$ stimulated mineralization compared to ${\Delta}^{12}-PGJ_2$ alone. 4. mRNA of alkaline phosphatase, BMP-2, cbfa 1, Type I collagen were detected in the group treated with ${\Delta}^{12}-PGJ_2$/rhBMP-2, rhBMP-2 alone, ${\Delta}^{12}-PGJ_2$ alone. These results show that mixture of ${\Delta}^{12}-PGJ_2$ and rhBMP-2 causes more bone formation than ${\Delta}^{12}-PGJ_2$ alone while the bone formation effects of mixture of ${\Delta}^{12}-PGJ_2$ and rhBMP-2 are less than those of rhBMP-2 alone. Further researches would be necessary to clarify the interactions of these agents.