• Journal of Korean Institute of Industrial Engineers
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.101-108
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• 2009

This study aims to design ergonomic warning sound that is not confusing and enhancing preference. Four factors of the warning sound represented as interval, chord, reverberation and pitch were selected as independent variables. And, perceived urgency, perceived criticality, degree of confusion and user preference are measured as dependent variables. An experiment was conducted in silent lab environment. Warning sounds were given in 90dB constantly to subjects through stereo speakers. A statistical analysis revealed that interval was significant for perceived urgency; also interval and chord were both effective for perceived criticality. Pitch, interval, chord and the interaction between pitch and chord were effective in degree of confusion, so were reverberation, the interaction between reverberation and pitch and the interaction between reverberation and chord for preference. This study characterized the situation under which warning sounds are required into three types in terms of urgency and criticality; and found the right warning sound that the subjects perceived to best represent the situation through the validation study. These findings are expected to help the designer choose the right warning sound according to the situational contexts in which such warning sounds are implemented.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.63-70
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• 2006

This paper presents an experimental study of the factors modulating the urgency perception of voice alarm generated by concatenative synthesizers. Four experiments were conducted using psycho-physical approach in which 105 participants made magnitude estimation for urgency perception of various voice alarm stimuli. Experiment 1 identified 6 acoustic and non-acoustic factors modulating the perceived urgency of synthesized voice alarm. Experiment 2, 3 and 4 quantified the relations between the objective changes in each of the quantifiable parameters and the subjective changes in urgency perception. This research has implications for the design and implementation of synthesized voice alarm systems where urgency mapping is required.

• Proceedings of the ESK Conference
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• 1996.10a
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• pp.191-196
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• 1996

This paper presents an experimental study of the relationship between sound parameters of synthesized voice warning and perceived(psychoacoustic) urgency. Eighteen subjects participated in two experimental sessions to evaluate and quqntify the effects of the voice parameters. Experiments showed that speech rate, fundamental frequency and voice types have clear and consistent effect on perceived urgency. The results of these experiments can be applied to the improvement of existing auditory warning systems and the design of new systems.

• Proceedings of the ESK Conference
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• 1997.10a
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• pp.339-345
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• 1997

This paper presents an experimental study of te relationship between sound parameters of synthesized voice warning and perceived (psychoacoustic) urgency. Twenty four subjcts participated in two experimental sessions to evaluate and quantify the effects of te voice parameters. Experiments showed that speech rate, fundamental frequency, fundamental frequency contour types and voice types have clear and consistent effect on perceived urgency. The results of these experiments can be applied to the improvement of existing auditory warning systems and the design of new systems.

• Journal of IKEEE
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.189-201
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• 2013

This paper presents an experimental study of the factors modulating the urgency perception of voice alarm generated by concatenative synthesizers. Four experiments were conducted using psycho-physical approach in which 112 participants made magnitude estimation for urgency perception of various voice alarm stimuli. Experiment 1 identified 6 acoustic and non-acoustic factors modulating the perceived urgency of synthesized voice alarm. Experiment 2, 3 and 4 quantified the relations between the objective changes in each of the quantifiable parameters and the subjective changes in urgency perception. This research has implications for the design and implementation of synthesized voice alarm systems where urgency mapping is required.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.97-115
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• 2023

Ecosystem services (ES) are the benefits that people obtain from ecosystems. Traditional ES assessment methods have focused on the supply of ES, using biophysical data. However, these methods often fail to capture the full value of ES, which is also determined by social and cultural factors. This study proposes a new approach to ES assessment that incorporates socio-cultural perspectives. The study was conducted in Seoul, South Korea. A survey was conducted of 1,805 residents of Seoul to assess their satisfaction with ecosystem services. Exploratory factor analysis was used to identify bundles of ES that were perceived as important by residents. A revised importance-satisfaction analysis was used to calculate the urgency level of each bundle. The results of the study showed that the 21 ES that were considered in the survey could be grouped into three bundles: urban green area-based, biodiversity-based, and resilience-based. The urgency level analysis showed that some bundles were more important than others, and that some bundles were more urgent than others. The findings of this study have several implications. First, they suggest that a socio-cultural approach to ES assessment can provide a more comprehensive and accurate assessment of ES. Second, they show that this approach can be used to identify areas where ES management is most needed. Third, they suggest that this approach could be used to inform ES management and policy decisions.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.687-694
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• 2012

Objective: This study aims to survey the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders(MSD) among Korean hospital workers and to analyze the relationship of MSD symptoms and workload perceived by workers. Background: Despite of high exposure to the MSD risk factors and high MSD symptom prevalence among health care workers, there were not enough studies of MSD prevalence among the hospital workers. Method: This study designed a survey based on Nordic questionnaire to obtain MSD symptoms and the degree of four perceived workloads: work repetition, urgency, physical exertion and satisfaction. In this survey, 1,846 workers in a hospital participated. The prevalence of MSD was analyzed for each body part, and MSD cases, which were predetermined in this study, were identified. The relationship between the MSD cases and each perceived workload was analyzed using chi-square test. Results: The pain in the shoulder was the most prevalent among the workers as 52%, and the low back(37%) and leg discomfort(36%) followed. The MSD cases, in which degree of pain was more than severe, were also the most prevalent in the shoulder(13%). Female workers had higher rate of MSD cases than the males. Among the four workload variables, the physical exertion was the statistically related to MSD cases for all the body parts. In addition, the others also had significant relation to MSD cases except one or two body parts. Conclusion: This study found that Korean hospital workers had MSD symptoms mainly in the shoulder, low back and legs in order, and the perceived workload surveyed in this study was highly correlated with MSD symptoms. Application: This study provides another evidence that subjective physical exertion perceived by workers is an important factor to explain MSD cases as same as the objective one.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.274-284
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• 2012

This study presents the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) as a potential decision-making method for obtaining the relative weights of alternatives through pairwise comparison in the context of hierarchical structure. The aim of this study was to elicit prior strategies for brand communication for Korean restaurants overseas. We created a questionnaire and surveyed experts at government agencies, restaurant companies, and universities from October to November 2011. By applying the pairwise comparison matrix, relevance was perceived as a more important strategy evaluation criteria than effectiveness or urgency. The highest-ranked strategy was the 'Identification of the BI and positioning of Korean restaurants' followed by 'Development of Korean food content for overseas promotion', 'Development of locally customized Korean food recipes and new Korean menus', 'Development of marketing communication strategies for Korean restaurants by countries', and 'Development of Korean restaurant differentiation strategies'. The results of this study can be used for effective Korean food globalization by enhancing the competitiveness in the world market.

• Journal of Information Technology Applications and Management
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.55-66
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• 2018

Early smart-work of company K was a technology-led way of applying ICT such as smart phones and mobile devices to business. After company K perceived the limitations of ICT-driven smart work, it propelled the work-smart, doing a work smart toward the way that human beings become central and a creative organizational culture is engendered. Company K propelled work-smart strategy in eight categories: simplification of data requirements, establishment efficient meeting culture, streamlining reporting and approval process, simplified document creation, overtime decrease, spreading flexible work system, settlement of healing leave, creating work-smart place. Company K set up an organizational culture secretariat dedicated to work-smart promotion and selected task priorities in consideration of urgency and effectiveness. Owing to such efforts, the company K's work-smart index rose sharply to 72 points this year from 56 points in the previous year. At the organizational culture survey, employees responded that organizational culture improved in all area. For a better future, company K analyzed its work-smart outcomes and planned progressively to improve its work-smart efforts based on employees opinions. This case study will serve as a guideline, for companies to make efforts to going forward to today work-smart beyond yesterday smart-work.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.50
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• pp.307-337
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• 2017

The freedom of assembly is the fundamental freedoms guaranteed by the Constitution. However, as far as our reality is concerned, the freedom of assembly is guaranteed only when it is under the control of the police, and otherwise it is perceived as an object to be suppressed. Police say even that they will not tolerate even a small illegal law while referring to the "broken window theory". Therefore, regardless of the peaceful nature of the rally, it is too obsessed with 'compliance'. This attitude is causing the citizens who participated in the assembly to be put to the object to be suppressed. This paper analyzes the requirements and current status of police force, focusing on the vehicle-wall-blocking and water cannon as a means of using the police force, which is a recent problem, and suggests ways to improve it. First of all, the installation of the wall cuts off the essential communication function of the assembly by separating the meeting place from the object of protest. Thus, despite the warning for prevention in the face of illegal acts, other than installing a barrier, it should be allowed only in the 'urgent case where there is a risk of causing damage to the life, body or property of the person'. Without this urgency, the vehicle-wall-blocking should not be allowed to be proactive as well as preventive. Secondly, the water cannon is a police force that is likely to harm people's life and body. Therefore, aiming shots, which could pose a significant risk to the human body, should in principle be prohibited. However, considering its risk, it should be supplementary used only when there is no other alternative, only when the direct risk to the legal interest of the other person or the order of public well-being is 'obvious'. In addition, as for the use standard of such a thing, it is necessary to be specified by law.