• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제34권9호
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• pp.604-612
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• 2012

대학은 그 자체로 거대 소비 주체일 뿐만 아니라 구성원 및 지역 주민의 생활 및 인식 전반에 큰 영향을 미친다. 이에, 본 연구에서는 대학교에서 발생하는 직접, 간접, 기타 온실가스 배출을 포함한 인벤토리를 구축하여 그 배출특성을 파악하고, 배출특성을 고려한 대학 내 온실가스 배출 저감방안을 수립하였다. 사례로 선정한 S대학교의 연간 $CO_2$ 배출량은 10,452 t-$CO_2$ (0.65 t-$CO_2/m^2$)이었고, 에너지원별로 전기 78.0%, 가스 20.5%, 석유류 1.5%에서 기인하고 있었다. 에너지의 사용목적에 따른 온실가스 배출량은 조명 18.6%, 동력 36.7%, 가스냉방 1.2%, 전기냉방 10.2%, 가스난방 18.9%, 전기난방 12.5%, 취사 급탕 0.4%, 수송 1.5%로 나타났다. 전기사용에 의한 단위면적당 및 학생 1인당 연간 $CO_2$ 배출량은 각각 51.30 kg-$CO_2/m^2$와 981.86 kg-$CO_2$/인으로 조사되었고, 가스사용에 의한 배출량은 14.61 kg-$CO_2/m^2$와 24.01 kg-$CO_2$/인으로 조사되었다.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.261-279
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• 2016

본 연구에서는 남한과 북한의 자료를 통합하여 한반도 단위로 식량과 에너지 자원 소비량 추이를 살펴보았고, 여러 Case를 생성하여 통합 이후 한반도의 식량과 에너지 자원 소비량을 예측하고 자원 관리 방향을 제시하였다. 1990년대 이후 북한의 일인당 식량 공급량, 열량 공급량, 단백질 공급량은 모두 남한, 동아시아, 세계보다 낮으며, 동물성 식품군 공급 비중도 남한, 동아시아, 세계보다 매우 낮은 상황이다. 통합 이후 북한이 2011년 남한 수준으로 식량을 소비한다면, 2055년까지의 예상 통합 인구가 최대일 때 통합 한반도의 식량 소비량은 2011년 통합 소비량에 비해 약 25% 증가할 것으로 예상된다. 따라서 사전에 통합 이후 안정적인 식량 공급과 환경 영향 최소화를 위해 소비를 줄이고 농업 생산성을 향상시키기 위한 방안을 마련해야 한다. 북한의 에너지 소비량은 남한에 비해 매우 적으며, 지난 15년간 석탄 사용 구성비가 매우 높았다. 북한의 일인당 에너지 소비량이 2011년 남한 수준으로 증가하면, 통합 한반도의 에너지 소비량은 남한에서의 증가분을 제외하더라도 2011년 통합 한반도의 에너지 소비량에 비해 약 45% 증가할 것으로 예상된다. 따라서 에너지 소비에 의한 환경 영향을 최소화하기 위해 북한의 석탄 구성비를 줄여나가는 방향의 에너지 계획을 수립하고 에너지 설비 확충에 선진 기술 적용하는 방안을 마련해야 할 것이다.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제33권6호
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• pp.405-412
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• 2011

국내 TCE에 의해 오염된 산업 공단내의 지하수 정화 방법으로 양수 및 처리(pump and treatment) 공법이 제안되었다. TCE 농도 0.6 mg/L 오염 지하수를 30년 동안 이 공법에 의해 처리하여 0.005 mg/L 이하 농도로 방류할 경우 그 과정에서 발생하는 환경 비용과 환경 편익을 전과정평가에 의해 산출하였으며 그에 따른 환경 영향 및 환경 효과를 분석하였다. 방류 지하수의 총량은 $2.96{\times}10^7m^3$이며 제거된 TCE의 총량은 최대 17.6 kg이었다. 환경 비용은 에너지의 소비, 자원의 소비, 대기, 수질 및 고형 폐기물 형태의 오염 물질의 배출량 등으로 산출되었으며 환경 편익은 정화된 지하수의 사용으로 얻어졌다. 환경 비용에 따른 환경 영향은 30년 동안 구동하는 pump에 의한 전력 사용, 발전을 위해 소모되는 석유, 석탄 등의 원자재의 소모, 방출되는 지구 온난화 및 산성 가스, 부영양화, 폐기물의 발생을 포함하며 토양/지하수 정화 공정 전과정평가 모델의 사용으로 정량화하고 전세계 일인당 소모 또는 배출하는 표준량으로 나누어 표준화하여 비교한 결과 산성비 원인 오염물 배출이 가장 심각하였다.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.96-114
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• 2023

Purpose - This paper elucidates a nexus between the occurrence of rare disaster events and the volatility of economic growth by distinguishing the likelihood of rare events from stochastic volatility. We provide new empirical facts based on a quarterly time series. In particular, we focus on the role of financial liberalization in spreading the economic crisis in developing countries. Design/methodology - We use quarterly data on consumption expenditure (real per capita consumption) from 44 countries, including advanced and developing countries, ending in the fourth quarter of 2020. We estimate the likelihood of rare event occurrences and stochastic volatility for countries using the Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method developed by Barro and Jin (2021). We present our estimation results for the relationship between rare disaster events, stochastic volatility, and growth volatility. Findings - We find the global common disaster event, the COVID-19 pandemic, and thirteen country-specific disaster events. Consumption falls by about 7% on average in the first quarter of a disaster and by 4% in the long run. The occurrence of rare disaster events and the volatility of gross domestic product (GDP) growth are positively correlated (4.8%), whereas the rare events and GDP growth rate are negatively correlated (-12.1%). In particular, financial liberalization has played an important role in exacerbating the adverse impact of both rare disasters and financial market instability on growth volatility. Several case studies, including the case of South Korea, provide insights into the cause of major financial crises in small open developing countries, including the Asian currency crisis of 1998. Originality/value - This paper presents new empirical facts on the relationship between the occurrence of rare disaster events (or stochastic volatility) and growth volatility. Increasing data frequency allows for greater accuracy in assessing a country's specific risk. Our findings suggest that financial market and institutional stability can be vital for buffering against rare disaster shocks. It is necessary to preemptively strengthen the foundation for financial stability in developing countries and increase the quality of the information provided to markets.

• 한국해양바이오학회지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.7-12
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• 2008

Cameroon is a country in Western Africa with 16 million inhabitants. Located between Nigeria and Equatorial Guinea, the country is bordered by the Bight of Biafra. It has a 402 km long coastline. It covers an area of about 475,440 sq km. Cameroon obtains its fish supply from five distinct sources notably-small scale maritime Fisheries, inland fisheries, industrial fisheries, aquaculture and importation. Despite its enormous potential, Cameroon produces only 180,000 metric tons fish annually. The total artisanal annual catch is estimated to be 55,000 t of which bonga/Sardinella, white shrimp and demersal fish contribute 58%, 27% and 15% respectively. The industrial fleet expanded rapidly during the sixties and by 1973 there were 29 trawlers and 13 shrimpers which landed a total of about 17,600 t of fish and shrimp. The total catch of the industrial fisheries peaked at about 20,400 t in 1976 and since then catches have generally declined. The per capita fish consumption in Cameroon stands at about 17.9 kg per inhabitant per year. This means that the demand of fish in Cameroon stands at about 280,000 tons. There is a deficit of in fish supply for which the government always resort to massive importation of fish products to meet the local demand. The main fish product for export from Cameroon is the prawn (Panacus duorarum). The main export market of Cameroon's prawn is the European Union (EU). Between 1998 and 2003, Cameroon's export value has been on the decline, dropping from 1,836 metric tons of prawns for a value of 264 millions USD in 1998 to 51 tonnes, for an estimated value of 315,000 USD in 2003. This drastic drop in exportation is consequential to Cameroon's auto suspension from the exportation of prawns towards the EU as a result of non compliance with EU standards. Today, a good quantity of the catches is being exported illicitly through neighbouring countries.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.65-71
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• 1999

Characteristics of food garbage discharged from primary schools in Seoul Metropolitan city were analysed from a recycling point of view. The results of study are epitomized as follows : 1. Factors of generation of food garbage are mainly an unbalanced diet habit, indifference of class teachers, and worn-out cooking equipments. 2. Measures of reduction are principally a written message to parents, broadcasting in the school, and instructions. 3. Methods of recycling are mainly feed stuff, composting by school itself, composting on commission, and making feed stuff on commission. 4. Obstacles of food garbage recycling are a nasty smell of composting apparatus, an excessive fuel consumption of composting apparatus, a high concentration of salt, and an unstable demand for feed stuff and compost produced from food garbage. 5. Correlation factors are like follows : the number of feeding children and food garbage weight after cooking is 0.35, total food garbage generated and monthly treatment cost of food garbage is 0.20, individual school lunch expenses and food garbage weight after cooking is -0.10, individual school lunch expenses and food garbage generated per capita is 0.02, and individual school lunch expenses and monthly treatment cost of food garbage is 0.03.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제31권7호
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• pp.961-967
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• 2018

Lao-native beef cattle are primarily Bos indicus, and most ruminant production in Laos is still dominated by small-scale or backyard producers that use traditional practices, resulting in low productivity. The cattle herd size in Laos has grown by an average of 5 percent per year from 1.52 million in 2010/11 to 1.81 million in 2014/15. In 2016, the Laos cattle population was 1.88 million head, with smallholder farmers representing 98% of production despite efforts by the Laos government to develop commercial-scale farms. There were 170 commercial cattle farms in 2016, with 56 percent in the Central region of Laos. Although, overall, ruminant meat production has tended to increase but with consumption at 7.29 kg/capita/yr in 2013, it remains insufficient to meet demand. Crop residues and agro-industrial by-products used in ruminant diets include rice straw, cassava pulp and wet brewers' grains as roughage, energy and protein sources, respectively. The Belt and Road Initiative proposed by China in 2013 will connect China closely with all countries in Southeast Asia. This initiative will change landlocked Laos to land linked for investors who will benefit from convenient transport at a lower cost, promoting agricultural production in Laos.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.100-114
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• 1996

Besides insufficient water, water contamination confronts us with 'water crises' of both quantity and quality. However, the daily water consumption per capita of Korea is greater than that of other developed countries. Because of the current low water price, which is lower than a half of production cost, not only does it become difficult to cope promptly with rapidly increasing water demand and water contamination, but it also causes waste of water. We should, therefore, switch over from supply side management-oriented policy to demand side management-oriented policy through a raise of the water rate. This study carries out a cost analysis based on fair return method which is the principle of water pricing in Korea, and it estimates, through equilibrium analysis, long run marginal cost(LRMC), which satisfies allocative efficiency and reflects true social cost to additional one-unit water supply. Based on the results, this study proposes that the estimated LRMC is the optimal price level in water pricing, which is the most important of the demand side management policies. In the end, water conservation effect, price pervasive effect, and social welfare effect are analyzed.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.1-9
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• 1977

The survey on the sanitary conditions to the water supply facilities, privy facilities and disposal methods of human excreta in Sindong area of Choonseung-gun, Kangwon Province was carried out during 7 months from May to November, 1976. The results of the survey are as follows. 1) The pump-wells are used in the 1,185 households as 66.7% of 1,775 and are almost private. 2) The materials of drainage floors and drainage are almost cement, and the drainages are good condition. 3) Most parts of dug-wells have been used beyond 9 years after installation, and disinfection of water has not been carried out in the case of 68.1% of total wells. 4) Objectives of water use to the number of households as 60.2% are drinking, kitchen and cleaning. 5) Water consumption per capita day is estimated to be about 22.7% litters. 6) 1,521 households as 85.7% of total 1,775 possess their private privies and the numbers as 80.6% of the private privies are located outside the houses. 7) The privies are needed to be improved much more in the view point of excreting to the ashpile instead of the septic tank in the case of 39.2% of total households. 8) Human excreta as manure are used to the field in the number of households as 82.4 of total 1,316.

• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.88-96
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• 2018

The income level of people in South Korea has risen as the gross national income per capita reached the milestone of 30,000 dollars. More and more consumers try to change their houses according to their tastes just like they express themselves through clothes, bags, and other fashion items, thus pursuing value-based consumption. The changes to the housing culture including the greater percentage of one- or two-person households and the growing trend of lease and monthly rent have made consumers increase their demands for products to express their lifestyles. As a result, global lifestyle shops with characteristic and diverse concepts entered the South Korean market and were joined by South Korean fashion brands, large-sized stores, department stores, and fancy stationery manufacturers, which launched their own brands, in the expansion of lifestyle shops across the nation. Lifestyle shops have a couple of unique attributes including the relatively clear selection of target consumers and a clear set of VMD strategies accordingly. Based on a judgment that there was cost differentiation among brands, the investigator categorized the comparison and analysis criteria into high, middle, and low prices to apply case analysis. This study set out to analyze VMD strategies for spatial composition through cost differentiation among lifestyle shops, take the results into total consideration, and propose an effective and competitive VMD strategy for lifestyle shops through spatial composition elements.