• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.115-120
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• 1997

Penicillium sp.-L4, a causative fungus of rot in citrus fruits, was isolated and its mode of hydrolytic enzyme production was investigated. Carboxymethylcellulase (CMCase), polygalacturonase(PGase), extra- & intra-cellular $\beta$-glucosidase and cellobiase were produced drastically by addition of substrates in minimal media. Production of the hydrolytic enzymes were induced efficiently by cellobiose and cellooligosaccharides which were the products of cellulose hydrolysis, but repressed by addition of mono-saccharide such as glucose, raffinose, galacturonic acid. The relative activity of p-nitrophenyl-$\beta$-D-glucopyranoside(PNPG) hydrolysis was higher than that of cellobiose hydrolysis in extracellular enzymes, and reverse is true in intracellular enzymes. Intact enzyme production of P. sp.-L4 on lemon peel lesion was sequential. $\beta$-Glucosidase and CMCase were produced first and followed by PGase. The enzyme productivities and pH in lesions were coincident with optimal pH of each enzyme activities.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.23-28
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• 1973

The soil of Kwangneung area(Kyeunggi-Do) was inoculated directly into wheat-bran-media and after $3{\sim}4$ days of incubation, a Penicillium species whose cellulase activity was 1011u/g was isolated. With the treatment of mutagenic agents an improved strain(cellulase activity: 1303u/g) was obtained. This strain was screened again by mono-spore isolation method. Finally a strain C8-14 (cellulase activity: 2351u/g) which had lesser spores than the wild strain was obtained.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.20-23
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• 1972

The isolations of fungi were observed, the isolations which were of rotting apples, pears, pine-seeds and dates cultivated in Korea, while they were living upon them. As a result of such observation. Penicillium sp. which rotted apples and pears could be isolated from the apples and pears. When the Penicillium sp. was inoculated into some fresh apples and pears, they were all rotted away. This fungus was identified as Penicillium expansum. Some fresh apples and pears inoculated with a mass of mycelium and conidia of P. janthinellun or some others inoculated with those of P. frequentans were not rotted. Though the P. expansum has been known to us a destructive not of pomaceous fruits, this fungus strain also caused the putrefaction of pears. It was found that P. expansum could be properly grown up at the temperature of $25^{\circ}C$ and pH 3~5 of media.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.200-207
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• 2009

In this study, the characterization of purified erythritol 4-phosphate dehydrogenase, key enzyme of erythritol biosynthesis, produced by Penicillium sp. KJ81 was investigated. Optimum production conditions of erythritol 4-phosphate dehydrogenase was 1 vvm areration, 200 rpm agitation, at $37^{\circ}C$ for 8 days in the medium containing 30% sucrose, 0.5% yeast extract, 0.5% $(NH_4)_2SO_4$, 0.1% $KH_2PO_4$, and 0.05%$MgCl_2$. Erythritol 4-phosphate dehydrogenase was purified through ultrafiltration and preparative gel electrophoresis from cell extract of Penicillium sp. KJ81. This enzyme was especially active on erythrose 4-phosphate with 1.07 mM of Km value. It gave a single band on native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and an isoelectric point of 4.6. The enzyme had an optimal activity at pH 7.0 and $30^{\circ}C$. It was stable between pH 4.0 and 9.0, and also below $30^{\circ}C$. The enzyme activity was completely inhibited by 1mM $Cu^{2+}$ and 1 mM $Zn^{2+}$, but was not significantly affected by other cations tested. This enzyme was inactivated by treatment of tyrosine specific reagent, iodine and tryptophan specific reagent, N-bromosuccinimide. The substrate of the enzyme, erythrose 4-phosphate showed protective effect on the inactivation of the enzyme by both reagents. These results suggest that tryptophan and tyrosine residues are probably located at or near active site of the enzyme.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2001

We investigated the capability of the phosphate-solubilizing fungus, Penicillium sp. GL-101, to solubilize in vitro some insoluble rock phosphate via possible mechanisms: acidification of the medium, production of chelating metabolites, redox activity, and so on. GL-101 was able to solubilize rock phosphate (mostly calcium phosphate) in a liquid potato dextrose broth(PDB) medium, as determined by spectrophotometric analyses. Acidification was the major mechanism of solubilization since the pH of cultures fell below 4.0 and in cultures containing 1.0%(w/v) loess the pH dropped from 7.0 to 3.2. More than 10 mg/mL concentrations of citric acids were detected by high-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) in the culture supernatants. Also this fungus showed the phosphatase activity (over 1.3 unit) to contribute partially releasing phosphate from rock phosphate, when supplemented with 1.0% loess in culture broth. The chelating activity of GL-101 in culture supernatants was not present because 2-ketogluconic acid, a chelating agent for the phosphate, was produced only a basal level. Therefore, the solubilization mechanism of rock phosphate by Penicillium sp. GL-101 involves both acidification due to citric acid production and phosphatase activity.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.833-838
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• 1993

A strain of Penicillium sp. extracellularly produced an inhibitory substance for lipoxygenase. These purification procedures were followed : ethanol treatment, chromatographies on Dowex 50W, Sephadex G-25, silica gel column and HPLC. The inhibitor was stable in pH range from 3.0 to 5.0 at $25^{\circ}C$, and a treatment at 10$0^{\circ}C$ for 2 hours didn't diminish its original activity. The purified inhibitor was charred at temperature near 22$0^{\circ}C$~23$0^{\circ}C$ and decomposed. Molecular weight of the inhibitor was estimated to be approximately 270 by Sephadex G-25 column chromatography. The inhibitor rapidly formed EI complex with lipoxygenase and inhibited enzyme activity.

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2002.04a
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• pp.369-370
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• 2002

A fungus. Penicillium sp. PS-113, with high phosphate-solubilizing activities was isolated from soil and formulated to powder type in order to manufacture it as a solid powder fertilizer. First of all, in this research, we are trying to establish an optimal condition for a drying process based on the drying time, temperature and humidity by testing its viability on potato dextrose agar(PDA) media after storing at $4^{\circ}C$. As a result the number of Penicillium sp. PS-1l3 conidia, which was dried at $80^{\circ}C$ and 15% humidity, and then stored at $4^{\circ}C$, was maximally increased to 60 times more than the control. But the viability of the conidia at $100^{\circ}C$ or over was decreased suddenly in spite of the period of storage.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.291-297
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• 2000

A strain producing high levels of compaction was isolated from soil and identified as Penicillium sp. Y-8515 based on the morphological characteristics and ribosomal RNA sequence analysis. Optimization of several different carbon and nitrogen sources for the effective production of compaction was performed resulting in the medium compositions containing 5%(w/v) glucose, 1.0 % soybean meal, 0.5% yeast extract, 0.5%(NH$_4$)$_2$$SO_4$, 0.25%,$ NaH_2$$PO_4$, 0.25% $CaCO_3$. The fixed con-centration of glucose(5%, w/v) and relatively lower concentrations(less than 2.5%, w/v) of soybean meal stimu-lated the transformation of the growth morphology from filamentous to pellet form. Comparing to that by filamentous form, the production of compactin by pellet form increased up to 1.5 folds. In a fed-batch fermentation, continuous feeding of the mixture of glucose and nitrogen source at the ratio of 10:1 showed 3.5-fold more produc-tion yield of compaction comparing to the batch mode.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.767-774
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• 1997

For the standardization and quality improvement of traditional Korean Nuruk, 120 strains of fungi were isolated from Nuruks and 18 strains of them were selected as strains analysing the amylase and flavor. The genera of these fungi were identified as Aspergillus sp. (14 strains), Penicillium sp. (3 strains) and Rhizopus sp. (1 strains) by the conventional slide culture. Most of these fungi showed a better productivity of the saccharogenic and dextrinogenic enzymes in raw wheat bran culture than in cooked wheat bran culture. The ability of acid and flavor production was good in the raw wheat bran culture, and aflatoxins were not produced under the same culture. Penicillium sp. and Rhizopus sp. had high cell growth and amylast activity. Mixed culture of Aspergillus sp. No.3-6 and Penicillium sp. No.7-7 revealed a high liquefying and saccharifying activity as well as high flavors production. These results indicated that these fungi was proper strains for making Nuruk of good quality.

• 보존과학연구
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• s.5
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• pp.148-166
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• 1984

The Investigation of organisms damaged to papers and cellulose materials of Cultural Property in the Ch'ang Dok Palace The investigation of the airborne fungi, the attached fungi to the papers and cellulose materials of Cultural Properties in addition to the insects inhabiting at the Ku Sonwon Jon, Shin Sonwon Jon and Yonwa ch'anggo in the Ch'ang Dok Palace carried out from Jul. 10 to Jul. 21,1984.The results are summarized as follows ;1. Isolation and identification of the airborne fungi from the three storages were Cladosporium sp., Alternaria alternata, As pergillus cervinus, A. flavus, A. nidulance, A. oryzae, A. terreus, A. versicolor, A. wentii, Penicillium adametzii, P.albicans, P.canescens, P. citreo-viride, P. citrinums, P. decumbens, P. frequentans, P. funiculosum, P.herquei, P.implicatum, P.multicolor, P.nigricans, P.nonatum,P.purpurogenum, P.roqueforti, P.viridicatum, Trichodema viride, Geotrichumcandidum, Curvvlaria lunata, Torula hebarum, T.thermophila, Itersoniliasalmonicolor, Drechsclera avenue, Candida sp., Acremonium sp., and Botrytis sp., It was found that thirty five species in thirteen genera was isolated. Among them, the dominant species was Cladosporium sp., and the order was Penicillium, Aspergillus, Alternaria and so on.2. The attached fungi directly isolated from the papers and cellulose materials of Cultural Properties were twenty-nine species in fourteen genera, namely, Acremonium sp., Albertiniella sp., Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus clavatus,A.niger, A.ornatus, A.versicolor, Botrytis sp., Bysochlamys sp., Carpenteles sp.,Chaetomium globosum, Cladosporium sp., Eurotium sp., Mucor sp., Penicilliumcanescens, P.chermesium, P.citrinum, P.frequentans, P.funiculosum, P.herqueiP .implicatum, P.javanicum, P.luteum, P.purpurogenum, P.thomii, P.viridicatum, Torula thermophila, Trichoderma koningi and T.viride. Among them, the mostfungi distributed on the surface of the papers and cellulose materials was Penicillium and the order was Aspergillus, Alternaria, Cladosporium, Trichodermaand so on.3. The insects collected the three storages were ten genera and ten species including 916 specimens. By classifying the insects collected, the most species of the insects was Stenoscelodes hayashii of 857 specimens occupied about 93% of the total insect. And the other insects were collected as Microgamme costipennisAnobium pertinax, Xenomimetes alni, Anthrenus verbasci, Holoparmecus signatus,Thermobia domestica, Halyomorpha brevis, Drosophila coracine and Brattaorientalis. As described above, it could be known that the most airborne fungi was Cladosporium and the order was Penicillium, Aspergillus, Alternaria in the three storages. And the most attached fungi distributed on the surface of papers and cellulose materials was Penicillium and the other fungi were Aspergillus, Alternaria Cladosporium, Trichoderma and so on. Accordingly, from the results, itwas assumed that the major part of airborne fungi were attached to the papers and cellulose materials of Cultural Properties. The paper and cellulose materials of Cultural Properties in Ch'ang Dok Palace were chiefly damaged by S.hayashii in Coleoptera.