• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.374-379
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• 2018

In this study, we investigated the effects of pelargonidin, an anthocyanidin found in many fruits and vegetables, on endothelium-independent vascular contractility to determine the underlying mechanism of relaxation. Isometric contractions of denuded aortic muscles from male rats were recorded, and the data were combined with those obtained in western blot analysis. Pelargonidin significantly inhibited fluoride-, thromboxane A2-, and phorbol ester-induced vascular contractions, regardless of the presence or absence of endothelium, suggesting a direct effect of the compound on vascular smooth muscles via a different pathway. Pelargonidin significantly inhibited the fluoride-dependent increase in the level of myosin phosphatase target subunit 1 (MYPT1) phosphorylation at Thr-855 and the phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate-dependent increase in the level of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 phosphorylation at Thr202/Tyr204, suggesting the inhibition of Rho-kinase and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) activities and subsequent phosphorylation of MYPT1 and ERK1/2. These results suggest that the relaxation effect of pelargonidin on agonist-dependent vascular contractions includes inhibition of Rho-kinase and MEK activities, independent of the endothelial function.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.543-550
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• 2023

Mulberry fruit is a superior source of polyphenols, especially anthocyanin, and has a long history of use as an edible fruit and traditional medicine. The anthocyanin composition of mulberry fruit from 15 Korean cultivars was analyzed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography diode array detector with quadrupole time of flight/mass spectrometry (UPLC-DAD-QToF/MS) based on a cyanin internal standard. The four glycosides were identified by comparison with authentic standards and published reports. The major anthocyanin was cyanidin 3-O-glucoside (71.7%), followed by cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside (26.6%). The minor components (total of 1.7%) were pelargonidin 3-O-glucoside and pelargonidin 3-O-rutinoside. The total anthocyanin content (mg/100 g, dry weight) of mulberry fruit varied by cultivar and ranged from 471.5±4.0 (Su Hong) to 4,700.2±54.0 (Gwa Sang2). Among the 15 cultivars examined, Gwa Sang2 showed the highest level of cyanidin 3-O-glucoside (3,133.4±32.6), which was 9-fold higher than that of Su Hong (351.5±3.4). In conclusion, anthocyanin profiles, including pelargonidin 3-O-glucoside and pelargonidin 3-O-rutinoside, were reported for the first time from 15 Korean mulberry fruit cultivars. The results will contribute valuable information on pharmaceutical properties, breeding superior mulberry cultivars, and food industries.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Plant Biotechnology Conference
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• 2005.11a
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• pp.3-8
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• 2005

Torenia hybridacv. Summerwave Blue and Violet mainly produce delphinidin. Down regulation of their flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase and flavonoid 3',5'-hydroxylase (F3'5'H) genes and over expression of rose or pelargonium dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR) cDNA yielded pelargonidin-based bright pink flowers. Nierembergia cv. Fairybells lack pink color as they produced only delphinidin and flavonols. Pelargonidin-based pink flowers were achieved by down regulation of F3'5'H and flavonol synthase genes and over expressing rose DFR cDNA. Introduction of petunia F3'5'H and DFR cDNAs into white carnations deficient in DFR activity produced violet carnations, which arc now commercialized in the USA, Canada, Australia, Europe and Japan. Introduction of pansy F3'5'H and iris DFR cDNAs and down regulation of rose DFR gene produced rose flowers which accumulates delphinidin imparting novel violet color.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.135-139
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• 2007

Four anthocyanins were isolated from the acidic alcoholic extract of Syzygium cumini fruits growing in Egypt: Pelargonidin-3-O-glucoside, pelargonidin-3,5-O-diglucoside, cyanidin-3-O-malonyl glucoside, and delphenidin-3-O-glucoside. They were identified by the chromatographic, TLC and PC, and spectral analyses, UV, $^1$H-NMR and FAB/MS. The fruits were found to contain 0.03 gm % anthocyanins calculated on fresh weight basis calculated by spectrophotometric assay. Cytotoxic activity of total alcoholic extract of the fruits was performed against several types of tumor cell lines using the SRB assay. The tested extract exhibited significant cytotoxic activity for MCF7 (breast carcinoma cell line) (IC$_{50}$= 5.9 ${\mu}$g/mL), while the IC$_{50}$ was > 10 ${\mu}$g/mL for both Hela (Cervix carcinoma cell line), HEPG2 (liver carcinoma cell line), H460 (Lung carcinoma cell line) and U251 (Brain carcinoma cell line).

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.85-91
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• 1994

In hairy root cultures of ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) transfonned by Agrobacterium rhizogenes, the effects of light, carbon source and various honnone on hairy root growth and anthocyanin production were investigated. Anthocyanin synthesis began to first occur 5 days after exposure to light, and then maximum yield of anthocyanin was 0.36 mg/g(fr wt) in MS medium after 30 days. Of the nutritional factors concentration of 60 mM nitrogen and sucrose as a carbon source showed marked effects on the growth and anthocyanin productiom MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/L IAA was most suitable for the hairy root proliferation, and the best accumulation of anthocyanin was obtained at 1 mg/L IAA treatment (0.41 mg/g, fr wt). Whereas 2,4-D tended to restrain the pigment synthesis. From the isolation and identification of anthocyanin pigments, main anthocyanin in ginseng hairy root was identified as pelargonidin-glucoside.coside.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2021.04a
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• pp.47-47
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• 2021

This study was carried out to obtain a basic information for the improvement of human health and the development of variety through analysis of organic compounds, contents of three CQA(3-caffeoylquinic acid, 4-caffeoylquinic acid and 5-caffeoylquinic acid) and five anthocyanin (petunidin-3-p-cumaroylrutinoside-5-glucoside, pelargonidin-3-p-cumaroylrutin-oside-5-glucoside, peonidin-3-p-cumaroylrutinoside-5-glucoside, pelargonidin-3-p-feruloyl-rutinoside-5-glucoside and peonidin-3-feruloylrutinoside-5-glucoside)to color potatoes is Hong-young(HY) and Ja-young(JY). The analytical results on organic compounds in color potatoes were shown as follow, The contents of CQA and Anthocyanin of JY variety were shown to be higher than HY, while CQA and Anthocyanin were appeared to be highest in peel of JY. Overall, JY had higher amount of physicochemical properties than HY. The results of this study reveal the quantitative analysis of functional compounds seperated from various kind of potatoes, which will enable the acquisition of new bioactive candidates and the establishment of new profit generation models for farmers.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.56 no.2
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• pp.159-166
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• 2011

This experiment was carried out to evaluate the effects of top dressing of nitrogen and harvest time on the growth, feed value and anthocyanin content for developing functional feed of colored barley. A colored barley cultivar, Boanchalbori, was tested in this experiment. Top dressing was applied at seven separate growth stages, regeneration time (RT), and intervals of 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, and 70 days after RT, and harvested at different time from 20 days after heading (DAH) to 40 DAH with 10 days interval in split plot design with three replications. Plant height was increasing with earlier top dressing, but not affected by harvest time. Percent dry matter was increasing with earlier top dressing and later harvests. Protein content was increased with later top dressing and harvests, but percent NDF, ADF and TDN was not significant. Total anthocyanin content was increased with earlier top dressing, included increasing C3G (cyanidin-3-glucoside) and delphinidin. The C3G and delphinidin were detected from 25 DAH and P3G (pelargonidin-3-g1ucoside), cyanidin and perlagonidin from 30 DAH. Their contents were increased significantly as harvest was delayed. This experiment provides some interesting results with respects to optimum top dressing and harvest time for the functional feed production of the colored barley.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.72-78
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• 2010

To develop a low-ethanol strawberry wine, the use of pectinase to improve the extraction yield of strawberry juice was investigated, and changes in physicochemical characteristics during ethanolic fermentation were assessed. The juice yield from strawberry fruit increased by 18.9% after Viscozyme L treatment (1,000 ppm, 30 min), compared with a control group, a greater increase than seen with other pectinases (17.5-18.7%). No significant quality differences were observed between control juice and juice prepared with enzyme treatment, indicating that neither physicochemical characteristics nor ethanol content during fermentation were affected by pectinase treatment. The major pigments of strawberry juice were cyanidin-3-glucoside and pelargonidin-3-glucoside, both of which are anthocyanins. The pigment level after enzyme treatment was slightly lower than that of the control group, at all fermentation times. We consider that the economics of strawberry wine manufacture may be increased by use of pectinase because juice level was increased, but no change in ethanol content or physicochemical characteristics was apparent.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.37-43
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• 1992

The hairy root culture of Raphanus sativus cv. Chungpihongsim was established by transformation with Agrobacterium rhizogenes $A_4$. The transformed roots grew well in adjusted Murashige and Skoog medium to 1/2 basal salts, pH 5.2, 3% sucrose. Agropine and mannopine, opine synthesized in the transformed tissue were detected in the extract of hairy roots. When 2, 4-D and kinetin were added in culture medium of hairy roots, the synthesis of anthocyanin was induced with disorganization of hairy root. Especially, addition of $0.45\;\mu\textrm{M}$ 2, 4-D and $2.3\;\mu\textrm{M}$ kinetin showed the maximum synthesis of anthocyanin. Pattern of anthocyanin synthesized in transformed roots was somewhat different from that of ordinary roots. However, aglycone part of all anthocyanin was identified as pelargonidin. The content of total anthocyanin in this sample was tentatively calculated 0.49 mg/g fresh weight.weight.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.58 no.1
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• pp.28-35
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• 2013

Anthocyanin pigments from three pigmented rice varieties, Hongjinju, Sintoheugmi and Josaengheugchal pigmented by black color, were quantified to evaluate effects of transplanting and harvesting time during seed development. Hongjinju, a rice variety of grains pigmented by red color, contains only two kinds of anthocyanins, delphinidin and cyanidin. Meanwhile, delphinidin, cyanidin, and pelargonidin were identified in Sintoheugmi and Josaengheugchal. Anthocyanidin contents in pigmented rice variety Hongjinju under different planting times were decreased with prolonged harvesting times. The Sintoheukmi showed that cyanidin content was the highest among analyzed pigments during seed development. Two anthocyanins (cyanidin and pelargonidin) in Josaengheugchal recorded highest contents at 20 days after heading in three transplanting times. Cyanidin content was also slightly increased with prolonged transplanting time. Total anthocyanidin contents in Hongjinju were always lower than that of Sintoheukmi and Josaengheukchal. In two rice varieties, Sintoheugmi and Josaengheugchal, $a^*$ values were commonly slightly decreased by late transplanting and harvesting times. Changes of $a^*$ and $b^*$ values in waxy rice varieties, Sintoheugmi and Josaengheugchal varied more than those in Hongjinju. In Josaengheugchal, early harvesting before maturity showed lower brown rice yield and late harvesting in the each transplanting times resulted in highest brown rice yield.