• Annals of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.176-181
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• 2018

Noonan syndrome (NS) is an autosomal dominant disorder that involves multiple organ systems, with short stature as the most common presentation (>70%). Possible mechanisms of short stature in NS include growth hormone (GH) deficiency, neurosecretory dysfunction, and GH resistance. Accordingly, GH therapy has been carried out for NS patients over the last three decades, and multiple studies have reported acceleration of growth velocity (GV) and increase of height standard deviation score (SDS) in both prepubertal and pubertal NS patients upon GH therapy. One year of GH therapy resulted in almost doubling of GV compared with baseline; afterwards, the increase in GV gradually decreased in the following years, showing that the effect of GH therapy wanes over time. After four years of GH therapy, ~70% of NS patients reached normal height considering their age and sex. Early initiation, long duration of GH therapy, and higher height SDS at the onset of puberty were associated with improved final height, whereas gender, dosage of GH, and the clinical severity did not show significant association with final height. Studies have reported no significant adverse events of GH therapy regarding progression of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, alteration of metabolism, and tumor development. Therefore, GH therapy is effective for improving height and GV of NS patients; nevertheless, concerns on possible malignancy remains, which necessitates continuous monitoring of NS patients receiving GH therapy.

• 대한치과의사협회지
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• 제58권9호
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• pp.546-555
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• 2020

Allergic rhinitis is a specific IgE mediated inflammatory disease of the nasal mucosa, characterized by symptoms such as rhinorrhea, nasal congestion, nasal obstruction, nasal and eye itching, and sneezing. The prevalence of allergic rhinitis varies according to country, age, and surveying methods, but it seems to increase worldwide, also in Korea. Prolonged mouth breathing caused by allergic rhinitis can produce muscular and postural alterations, causing alterations on the morphology, position, growth direction of the jaws, and malocclusion. Also, mouth breathing leads to dryness of the mouth, causing various oral diseases; gingivitis, halitosis, inflammation of tonsil, increased risk of dental caries and dental erosion. In dental clinic, using rapid maxillary expansion to persistent allergic rhinitis patients with narrow maxilla can enlarge maxillary dental arch and nasal cavity anatomy, improving nasal breathing and reducing nasal cavity resistance. However, it is desirable to use along with otolaryngologic treatment. Dentists should be aware of the characteristics of allergic rhinitis and its effects on patients, and consider when planning dental treatment.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제56권10호
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• pp.417-423
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• 2013

Vitamin D is an essential component of bone and mineral metabolism; its deficiency causes growth retardation and skeletal deformities in children and osteomalacia and osteoporosis in adults. Hypovitaminosis D (vitamin D insufficiency or deficiency) is observed not only in adults but also in infants, children, and adolescents. Previous studies suggest that sufficient serum vitamin D levels should be maintained in order to enhance normal calcification of the growth plate and bone mineralization. Moreover, emerging evidence supports an association between 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) levels and immune function, respiratory diseases, obesity, metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, infection, allergy, cancers, and cardiovascular diseases in pediatric and adolescent populations. The risk factors for vitamin D insufficiency or deficiency in the pediatric population are season (winter), insufficient time spent outdoors, ethnicity (non-white), older age, more advanced stage of puberty, obesity, low milk consumption, low socioeconomic status, and female gender. It is recommended that all infants, children, and adolescents have a minimum daily intake of 400 IU ($10{\mu}g$) of vitamin D. Since the vitamin D status of the newborn is highly related to maternal vitamin D levels, optimal vitamin D levels in the mother during pregnancy should be maintained. In conclusion, given the important role of vitamin D in childhood health, more time spent in outdoor activity (for sunlight exposure) and vitamin D supplementation may be necessary for optimal health in infants, children, and adolescents.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.481-485
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• 2004

Rabson Mendenhall syndrome은 Rabson과 Mendenhall에 의해 1955년 처음 발표된 증후군으로서, 심한 insulin resistance를 보이는 희귀한 상염색체 열성 유전성 질환이다. Insulin receptor의 돌연변이나 insulin이 작용하는 다른 target cell의 결함에 의해 나타나며, 일반적인 증상으로는 흑색가시세포종(acanthosis nigricans), 다모증(hypertrichosis), 손발톱 비대(onychauxis), 성장 지체 (growth retardation), 성 조숙(precocious puberty), 생식기의 비대, 팽만된 복부(protuberant abdomen), 건성 피부(xerotic skin) 등이 나타난다. 악안면 영역에서는 치아의 이형성, 거친 얼굴의 피부, 하악 전돌, 균열 혀 (fissured tongue)와 같은 특징적 증상이 나타난다. 이에 본 증례에서는 Rabson Mendenhall syndrome으로 본원에 내원한 4세 환아에게 관찰된 치과적 특징들에 관하여 보고하는 바이다.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.109-117
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• 2021

Purpose: Ménétrier disease (MD) was first described in 1888, and 50 cases have been reported until now. We aimed to discuss the etiology, diagnostics, and management of MD in children. Methods: We searched for case reports published from 2014 till 2019 in English using PubMed. Articles were selected using subject headings and key words of interest to the topic. Interesting references of the included articles were also included. Results: The pathophysiology of MD is still uncertain. However, overexpression of transforming growth factor alpha with transformation of the gastric mucosa has been observed, which may be mediated by genetics and provoked by an infectious trigger. Clinically, MD is diagnosed by abdominal pain, vomiting, anorexia, and edema secondary to hypoalbuminemia. A gastroscopy with biopsy is the gold standard for the diagnosis of MD. In children, the disease is self-limiting and only requires supportive treatment. In general, children have a good prognosis and recover spontaneously within a few weeks. Conclusion: Few pediatric cases of MD have been described in recent years, and with all different etiology. Endoscopy with biopsy remains the golden standard for the diagnosis of MD, and in children, the disease is self-limiting.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.699-703
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• 2006

본 조사는 대한소아치과학회 홈페이지의 진료상담 코너의 내용 및 환자의 연령, 상담자에 대한 내용을 분석하여 그 동향을 분석하고, 개선 방향을 제시하고자 시도되었다. 홈페이지가 개정된 2002년 3월 23일부터 2005년 3월 8일까지의 광고성, 비방성, 비관련성을 이유로 삭제된 질문은 제외하고, 2485건의 질문이었다. 조사 내용은 환자의 연령, 상담 내용, 상담자 등이었다. 1. 환자의 연령 분포는 학령전 아동이 대부분(64.29%)을 차지하였다(P<0.05). 2. 상담 내용은 대항목 분류에서 성장과 발육, 수복 및 치수 치료에 관한 질문이 상당수였다. 3. 상담 내용은 소항목별 분류에서 치아맹출, 수복 신경 치료, 외상에 관한 질문이 많았다. 4. 상담자의 93.72%가 어머니였다. 5. 상담 내용 중 많은 부분을 차지하는 성장과 발육, 수복 및 치수 치료, 외상 등에 대한 질문을 FAQ를 통하여 보강하고, 육아 관련 contents를 개발하는 등 정보의 질을 개선하고, 형식을 보다 구체화하며 분야별 상담 패널을 도입하는 등 전문화하여 홈페이지를 개선해야 할 것이다.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.247-255
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• 2004

이전의 연구에서 레진 재료를 포함한 여러 수복재료에서의 유출물이 우식 유발 세균의 성장에 영향을 줄 수 있다는 보고가 있었다. 이번 연구의 목적은 대표적인 우식 유발 세균인 Streptococcus mutans와 Streptococcus sobrinus의 성장에 대하여 레진을 구성하는 모노머들(Bis-GMA, TEGDMA, EGDMA, UDMA, HEMA, Camphoroquinone)이 어떠한 영향을 줄 수 있는지에 대하여 알아보고자 하는 것이다. 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. S. mutans와 S. sobrinus의 성장률은 6가지 레진 모노머 모두에서 0.03 mmol/L의 농도에 서 유의할만하게 감소되었다. 2. S. mutars의 성장률은 0.01 mmol/L 농도의 UDMA와 0.005mmol/L, 0.01 mmol/L 농도의 Camphoroquinone에서 대조군에 비하여 유의 할만하게 감소되었다. 3. S. sobrinus의 성장률은 0.01 mmol/L 농도의 HEMA, UDMA와 0.005 mnol/L, 0.01 mmol/L 농도의 Camphoroquinone에서 대조군에 비하여 유의할만하게 감소되었다. 4. S. sobrinus의 성장률은 0.001, 0.01, 0.03 mmol/L농도에서 대조군에 비하여 유의할만한 감소를 보였으며 각 실험군들 간에도 통계학적으로 유의 할만한 차이를 보였다. 이상의 결과를 종합하면 레진 모노머를 적용한 모든 군에서 적용하지 않은 양성 대조군에 비해 두세균의 증식률이 감소되었으며, 세균의 성장을 촉진하지 않는 것으로 사료된다.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제59권6호
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• pp.247-251
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• 2016

The pathophysiology and fundamental etiologic mechanism of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is not well understood even though therapeutic regimens and drugs are rapidly evolutionary. IBD has complicated connections with genetic, immunologic, gut microbial, environmental, and nutritional factors. It is not clearly well known to the physicians how to feed, what nutrients are more helpful, and what food to be avoided. This review discusses the issues of growth and important nutritional concerns in the management of IBD in childhood.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.540-546
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• 1994

The authors treated three patients who chiefly complained functional anterior crossbite due to premature loss of primary molars by using removable space maintainer and functional appliances. In orthodontic practice, the mandibular rest position and the possibility of taking construction bite have been as the criteria for evaluation of functional factors involved in anterior crossbite. Functional anterior crossbites, if left untreated, may have deleterious effects on the development and function of craniofacial complex and TMJ. Objectives of the treatment were as follows: 1) to recover vertical dimension 2) to eliminate functional disharmony 3) to correct anterior reversed occlusion 4) to attain good facial esthetics 5) to prevent unfavorable growth of jaw & dentition Characterized craniofacial morphology resulting from the premature loss of deciduous molars could be recovered following the correction of crossbite. Therefore, it is recommended that in orthodontic diagnosis of functional anterior crossbite due to premature loss of deciduous molars, the craniofacial abnormality affected by that should be considered.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.351-354
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• 2018

Congenital antral webs are a rare but relevant cause of gastric outlet obstruction in infants and children. The condition may lead to feeding refusal, vomiting, and poor growth. Due to the relative rarity of the disease, cases of congenital antral web are frequently misdiagnosed or diagnosed with significant delay as physicians favorably pursue diagnoses of pyloric stenosis and gastric ulcer disease, which are more prevalent. We report a case of an eight-month-old female who presented with persistent non-bilious emesis, feeding difficulties, and failure to thrive and was discovered to have an antral web. The web was successfully treated with endoscopic balloon dilation, which resolved her symptoms. Two years later, the patient remains asymptomatic and is thriving with weight at the 75th percentile for her age.