• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Surface Engineering Conference
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• 한국표면공학회 2011년도 춘계학술대회 및 Fine pattern PCB 표면 처리 기술 워크샵
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• pp.149-150
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• 2011

미세화된 반도체 배선에 무전해 은도금을 적용하고자 새로운 Pd 활성화 공정을 제안하였다. 시편 표면에 작은 크기의 Pd 입자를 균일하게 분포시키기 위하여 Pd 활성화 도중 초음파을 가하였다. 추가적인 무전해 은 도금을 실시하여, 초음파에 의한 Pd 입자 분산이 은도금 피막 형성에 미치는 영향에 대하여 고찰하였다.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.589-593
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• 2009

In this study, the roles of the p38 MAPK, ERK1/2 and JNK signaling pathway in IGF-I-induced AR induction and activation were examined. C2C12 cells were treated with IGF-I in the absence or presence of various inhibitors of p38 MAPK (SB203580), ERK1/2 (PD98059), and JNK (SP600125). Inhibition of the MAPK pathway with SB203580, PD98059, or SP600125 significantly decreased IGF-I-induced AR phosphorylation and total AR protein expression. IGF-I-induced nuclear fraction of total AR and phosphorylated AR were significantly inhibited by SB203580, PD98059, or SP600125. Furthermore, IGF-I-induced AR mRNA and skeletal ${\alpha}-actin$ mRNA were blocked by those inhibitors in dose-dependent manner. Confocal images showed that IGF-I-induced AR nuclear translocation from cytosol was significantly blocked by SB203580, PD98059, or SP600125, suggesting that the MAPK pathway regulates IGF-I-induced AR nuclear localization in skeletal muscle cells. The present results suggest that the MAPK pathways are required for the ligand-independent activation of AR by IGF-I in C2C12 skeletal muscle cells.

• Transactions of the Korean hydrogen and new energy society
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.243-250
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• 2018

Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorods were grown on a palladium (Pd) activated polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fiber where Pd activation was carried out in advance by the following dry process: palladium(II) bis(acetylacetonate), $Pd(acac)_2$ was sublimed, penetrated into the surface of PAN fiber and spontaneously reduced to Pd nanoparticles at $180^{\circ}C$ for various times under a nitrogen atmosphere. ZnO nanorod morphology was observed by a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the elemental composition was confirmed by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The crystalline structure of ZnO nanorods was analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showing Wurtzite structure consisting of hexagonal lattice. Sulfur removal characteristics were evaluated.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.636-646
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• 2009

A series of the noble palladium complexes containing $\beta$-ketoiminate ligands with internal bases, [Pd(${\eta}^3$-allyl)($\beta$- ketoiminate)], [Pd(Me)($PPh_3$)($\beta$-ketoiminate)] and [Pd(Me)($\beta$-ketoiminate)], have been successfully prepared. Crystallographically determined structures showed that these complexes are distorted square planar and pendant bases of the $\beta$-ketoiminate ligands fail to coordinate to the metal in the first two classes of complexes while bases do coordinate in the 3rd class complexes. These complexes are active towards norbornene polymerization on activation with $H(OEt_2)_2BAr^'_4$ (Ar' = 3,5-bistrifluoromethylphenyl) and modified methylalumioxane (MMAO). MMAO is more efficient for the activation for polymerization. Generally, the polymerization activity increases with the following order; [Pd(allyl)($\beta$-ketoiminate)] < [Pd(Me)($PPh_3$)($\beta$-ketoiminate)] < [Pd(Me)($\beta$-ketoiminate)].

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• 제44권1호
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• pp.1-11
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• 2023

Objective: There are currently no disease-modifying medications or definite long-term sustainable interventions for patients with Parkinson's disease (PD), indicating an unmet treatment need. Our goal was to create a long-term sustainable intervention for PD patients that can be used in Korean medicine clinics. Methods: The Meridian Activation Remedy System (MARS) was created to stimulate a patient's 12 meridians and sinew channels using a combination of acupoint stimulation and exercise. The acupoints and motions used in MARS were selected through literature studies and expert advice. The methodologies were refined using observational and case studies. With slow and fast movements, the MARS intervention was intended to activate both slow- and fast-twitch muscle fibers. Intradermal acupuncture and motion that shift the center of gravity were employed to enhance the patient's balance and proprioception. In addition, the intervention included alternating movement exercises to address the complex cognitive decline commonly occurring in PD patients. Results: The following acupoints were chosen for the MARS intervention: bilateral Hegu (LI4), Houxi (SI3), Waiguan (TE5), Neiguan (PC6), Zhongchong (PC9), Yuji (LU10), Zusanli (ST36), Yanglingquan (GB34), Taichong (LR3), Kunlun (BL60), and Taixi (KI3). We also developed actions that can stimulate the body's 12 meridians. Conclusion: We developed the MARS intervention, which combines acupuncture and exercise, to address the unmet therapeutic needs of PD patients. We hope that with additional research, the MARS intervention can be set as an effective therapeutic program for PD patients.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society for Energy Engineering kosee Conference
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• 한국에너지공학회 1999년도 춘계 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.165-170
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• 1999

Palladium membranes have high selectivity of separation and removal of hydrogen to chemical process at high temperature. For the development of hydrogen permeable membrane, palladium was deposited on porous stainless steel support by electroless plating method. In this work, the activation effect on the surface of stainless steel support has been investigated for the effective palladium plating. The morphology and microstructure were characterized by SEM and the composition was analyzed by EDX. It is found that the composition of deposited nuclei on the stainless steel support was changed in accordance with activation cycles. It is also observed that Sn-enriched nuclei has been changed to Pd-enriched nuclei over the fifteenth activation. The uniform deposition of the dense palladium layer on porous stainless steel support has been performing with Sn-enriched nuclei and comparing with Pd-enriched nuclei.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• 제49권4호
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• pp.301-308
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• 2013

Programmed Death-1 (PD-1) is one of the important immune-inhibitory molecules which was expressed in T cells, B cells, NKT cells, and macrophages activated by various immune activating factors. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the major component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, is one of the crucial immunogens for PD-1 expression. However, there are only a few reports on the expression mechanisms of PD-1 in innate immune cells. In this study, we investigate the expression mechanisms of PD-1 in LPS-stimulated Raw264.7 cell lines by RT-PCR, Western Blot, flow cytometry as well as ChIP assay and co-immunoprecipitation. When Raw264.7 cells were stimulated with LPS, PD-1 expression was greatly up-regulated via PI3K and p38 signaling. Primary macrophages isolated from LPS-injected mice were also shown the increased expression of PD-1. In promoter assay, NF-${\kappa}B$ and IRF-1 binding regions in mouse PD-1 promoter are important for PD-1 expression. We also found that the co-activation of NF-${\kappa}B$ and IRF-1 is indispensable for the maximum PD-1 expression. These results indicate that the modulation of PD-1 expressed in innate immune cells could be a crucial for the disease therapy such as LPS-induced mouse sepsis model.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.362-367
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• 1991

Rates of nucleophilic substitution reaction ([Pd (ONN) Cl] + Y$^-\;{\rightleftharpoons}$ [Pd (ONN)Y] + Cl$^-$ ; Y = SCN$^-$, CN$^-$, N$_3^-$, imidazole, pyridine) have been measured in methanol by spectrophotometric method at various temperatures. A set of nucleophilic reactivity constants, n$_{Pd}^{\circ}$ has been calculated. These values show an order of nucleophilicity CN$^-$ > SCN$^-$ > N$_3^-$ > Imidazole > Pyridine. The enthalpy of activation are small positive values and the entropy of activation are large negative values. From these results, it can be inferred that the nucleophilic substitution reaction proceeds through an associative (A) mechanism.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제50권5호
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• pp.369-373
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• 2006

Arylation reactions of styrene catalyzed by Pd(CF3CO2)2-sulfides and Pd(CF3CO2)2-phosphines were investigated. The yield of trans-stilbene, the main product, increased as the basicity of the substituents on the aryl groups of the phosphines increased and the steric hindrance of the substituents decreased. The mechanism of the aryl migration of arylphosphines to styrene is proposed to involve the electrophilic attack of Pd to the phenyl group on the phosphines. The phosphine systems were found to be more effective than the sulfide ones.

• Transactions of the Korean hydrogen and new energy society
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.191-196
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• 1999

4-probe resistivity measurement technique was used to study hydrogen A-D(Absorption-Desorption)kinetics on Pd films(18 to 67nm thick) from 25 to $50^{\circ}C$, from 0 to 5 torr hydrogen pressure. Pd films were made on sapphire substrate by thermal evaporation technique under high vacuum at room temperature. Upto about 100 hydrogen A-D cyclings, no pulverization was observed, but film was detached partially from substrate. Forward reaction and backward reaction rate were analyzed separately. The activation energies of hydrogen A-D processes were obtained from the Arrhenius plot of the reaction rates. The activation energies of Pd films are not strongly dependent on the thickness of the film. But the activation energy of very thin film( l8nm thick) was smaller than the others.