• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.330-338
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• 2002

Spontaneous speech is ungrammatical as well as serious phonological variations, which make recognition extremely difficult, compared with read speech. In this paper, for conversational speech recognition, we analyze the transcriptions of the real conversational speech, and then classify the characteristics of conversational speech in the speech recognition aspect. Reflecting these features, we obtain the baseline system for conversational speech recognition. The classification consists of long duration of silence, disfluencies and phonological variations; each of them is classified with similar features. To deal with these characteristics, first, we update silence model and append a filled pause model, a garbage model; second, we append multiple phonetic transcriptions to lexicon for most frequent phonological variations. In our experiments, our baseline morpheme error rate (WER) is 31.65%; we obtain MER reductions such as 2.08% for silence and garbage model, 0.73% for filled pause model, and 0.73% for phonological variations. Finally, we obtain 27.92% MER for conversational speech recognition, which will be used as a baseline for further study.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.590-598
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• 2009

The purpose of this research is to evaluate the effect of Mahaenggamseok-tang-gagambang (MGTG) on airway hyper- responsiveness (AHR), immune cells, cytokines and lung tissue in OVA-induced asthmatic mice. C578L/6 mice were injected, inhaled and sprayed with OVA for 12 weeks (3times a week) for asthma sensitization and challenge. Two experimental groups were treated with different concentrations of MGTG (400 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg) extract and cyclosporin A (10 mg/kg) for the later 8 weeks. Enhanced pause (Penh) levels were measured by whole body plethysmography. Immune cells were analyzed by flow cytometer in peripheral blood monocyte cell (PBMC) and lung cells. The IL-1b, IL-12, IFN-${\gamma}$, OVA-lgE, IL-4, IL-5, TNF-${\alpha}$ were analyzed by ELISA kit in serum and splenocyte+a-cCDS/a-CD28. Enhanced pause (Penh) levels of the MGTG groups (400 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg) were decreased significantly compared with that of control group. The numbers of MGTG groups (400 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg) on lung total cells were decreased significantly compared with that of control group. The numbers of MGTG groups (400 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg) on $CD3^+/CD69^+$, $B220^+/CD22^+$, $B220^+/CD23^+$, $B220^+/lgE^+$, $CCR3^+$ cells were decreased significantly compared with that of control group. The number of MGTG group (400 mg/kg) on $CD3^+/CD49b^+$ cells was decreased significantly compared with that of control group. The level of MGTG groups (400 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg) on IL-4, IL-5, IL-12, TNF-${\alpha}$, OVA-lgE were decreased significantly compared with that of control group. The level of MGTG group (400 mg/kg) on IL-1b, IL-1S, OVA-lgE were decreased significantly compared with that of control group. These results demonstrate that MGTG could be a desirable alternative therapy for allergic asthma by inhibiting the expression of immune cells, the activation of inflammatory mediator.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartC
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• v.8C no.6
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• pp.821-830
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• 2001

H.323 proposes to use Mobile IP and H.323 ad hoc conference signaling to provide Handoff function to a mobile terminal. But H.323 ad hoc conference signaling has a drawback. It requires an H.323 endpoint to do a complex conference signaling which makes inter-operability between H.323 endpoints difficult and takes the longer signaling time. In this paper, we propose an Handoff signaling using H.323 rerouting(Third party initiated Pause and Rerouting). H.323 rerouting signaling only requires an H.323 endpoint to do H.323 basic signaling in reestablishing media channel, and makes inter-operability more easier and provides the faster Handoff. To do this, our H.323 GK has derived H.245 control channel using tunneling for all H.323 calls including the fast connect calls which enable endpoints communicate each other if they don\`t have H.245 control channel. In order to evaluate the performance of the proposed signaling, we have conducted an experiment that compares a call transfer signaling using H.323 rerouting with ad hoc conference signaling in inter-operability and signaling delay. The results of our experiment shows that the call transfer signaling can inter-operate with four H.323 endpoints among five H.323 endpoints of other vendors and reduces the signaling delay average 1.4 sec.

• Journal of Korea Entertainment Industry Association
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.127-139
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• 2021

This study is intended to review the poetic directing created by the aesthetics of silence of Claude Régy, a French director who carries out playwriting in silence, departing from conventions through the concept of "potentiality" proposed by Giorgio Agamben, an italian philosopher. Claude Régy stated, "What's fundamentally important is not to say what you want to say." Thus he tries to create the stage of "silence" rendered in overly slow, excessively segmented dialogues while selecting restrained minimal means. Agamben makes Bartleby who "prefers not to" as a cardinal model of his perfect potentiality, asserting that the nature of potentiality is revealed in the pause of actuality. As in Agamben's philosophy, Claude Régy's directing is also the "pause" of words and actions. This silence is not a return to actuality but a creation of the moment at which "the invisible" become visible. The silence of words or the silence of an empty stage with dim lighting is viewed by Agamben as potentiality that has "underlying passivity" and is "hospitable to non-existnece". In this light, this study is to create another direction for the theater arts of our time and the 21^st century and to extend the horizon of new directional modes. It aldo reviews the concept of Agamben's "potentiality" that provides critical viewpoints to "the artist without content", works directed by Claude Régy who has created his own distinctive styles of direction with the aesthetics of "slowness" and "silence", L'intérieur by Maurice Maeterlinck and Quel'un va venir By Jon Fosse.

• Journal of Korea Entertainment Industry Association
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.141-153
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• 2020

The purpose of study is to examine the role of the Professor's friendly behavior as a parameters in the course of Paralanguage Utilization Training using pronunciation, stress, voice tone, speed, pause and expression of feelings affecting of Audiobook text shaping. the results of this study will be a reference to training on the use of Paralanguage for dynamic shaping of Audiobook text and recognizing the need and influence of professors' friendly behavior as a parameters. The results of the study are as follows. First, training in the use of Paralanguage was shown to have a positive effect on the Shaping of Audiobook text and served as a key factor in conveying the original meaning of text. Therefore, if we look at the significance and content of training using Paralanguage and continue training using Paralanguage, it will actually help to shape Audiobook text. Second, the professor's friendly behavior partially acted as a parameters role between training in the use of Paralanguage and shaping Audiobook text. The professor's friendly behavior has helped form Audiobook text by providing a sense of trust and will increase the level of completion for training in the use of Paralanguage. Thus, training in the use of Paralanguage Utilization Training could result in more effective Audiobook text shaping when conducted in conjunction with the professors' friendly actions. Therefore, it was shown that the ability to use Paralanguage and the professor's caring and friendly behavior to help them perform better were more effective when they simultaneously affected Audiobook text shaping.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.899-907
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• 2023

Objective: The better understanding of laying pattern of birds is crucial for developing breed-specific proper breeding scheme and management. Methods: Daily egg production until 50 wk of age of six chicken breeds including one layer (White Leghorn, WL), three dual-purpose (Rhode Island Red, RIR; Columbian Plymouth Rock, CR; and Barred Plymouth Rock, BR), one synthetic dwarf (DY), and one indigenous (Beijing-You Chicken, BYC) were used to characterize their clutch traits and egg production. The age at first egg, egg number, average and maximum clutch length, pause length, and number of clutches and pauses were calculated accordingly. Results: The egg number and average clutch length in WL, RIR, CR, and BR were higher than those in DY and BYC (p<0.01). The numbers of clutches and pauses, and pause length in WL, RIR, CR, and BR were lower than those in DY and BYC (p<0.01). The coefficient variations of clutch length in WL, RIR, CR, and BR (57.66%, 66.49%, 64.22%, and 55.35%, respectively) were higher than DY (41.84%) and BYC (36.29%), while the coefficient variations of egg number in WL, RIR, CR, and BR (9.10%, 9.97%, 10.82%, and 9.92%) were lower than DY (15.84%) and BYC (16.85%). The clutch length was positively correlated with egg number (r = 0.51 to 0.66; p<0.01), but not correlated with age at first egg in all breeds. Conclusion: The six breeds showed significant different clutch and egg production traits. Due to the selection history, the high and median productive layer breeds had higher clutch length than those of the less productive indigenous BYC. The clutch length is a proper selection criterion for further progress in egg production. The age at first egg, which is independent of clutch traits, is especially encouraged to be improved by selection in the BYC breed.

• Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issue
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.101-114
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• 2006

This study was examined the effective nonverbal behavior cues of detecting suspects' lies in the investigation scene. In order to search the suspects who drank the alcohol liquor without a permission, 18 soldiers were interviewed. 8 solders had drunken alcohol and had lied when was asked(lie group). The other 10 soldiers hadn't drunken alcohol and had told the truth(truth group). The mean frequencies of nonverbal behaviors were compared lie group with truth group. The following behaviors were measured by frequency: vocal characteristics (high pitch of voice, speech hesitations, speech error, frequency of pauses, period of pauses, latency period), facial characteristics (gaze, smile, touching face, blinking, facial micro-expression), body movement (illustrators, hand and finger movement, leg and foot movement, head movement, trunk movement, shifting position). As results, this study found that deception cues were periods and frequencies of pause, micro-expression, head movements. The lie group had less periods and frequencies of pause, and more micro-expression, head movements than truth group. But, this study didn't found Othello's error cues.

• 한국연소학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2004.11a
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• pp.231-237
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• 2004

Vacuum carburizing continues to gain acceptance as an alternative to atmosphere carburizing particularly in the car industry. The advantages of low-pressure carburization over atmospheric gas carburization is not only the creation of a surface entirely free of oxide and the environmentally friendly nature of these methods but also an improvement in deformation behaviour achieved by combining carburization with gas quenching, a reduction in batch times by increasing the carburization temperature, low gas and energy consumption and the prevention of soot to a large extent. In present study, an improved vacuum carburizing method is provided which is effective to deposit carbon in the surface of materials and to reduce cycle time. Also LPC process simulator was made to optimize to process controls parameters such as pulse/pause cycles of pressure pattern, temperature, carburizing time, diffusion time. The carburizing process was simulated by a diffusion calculation program, where as the model parameters are proposed with help the experimental results and allows the control of the carburizing process with good accordance to the practical results. Thus it can be concluded that LPC process control method based on the theoretical simulation and experimental datas appears to provide a reasonable tool for prototype LPC system.

• ETRI Journal
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.168-176
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• 2001

This paper discusses two important issues of corpus-based synthesis: synthesis unit generation based on phrase break strength information and pruning redundant synthesis unit instances. First, the new sentence set for recording was designed to make an efficient synthesis database, reflecting the characteristics of the Korean language. To obtain prosodic context sensitive units, we graded major prosodic phrases into 5 distinctive levels according to pause length and then discriminated intra-word triphones using the levels. Using the synthesis unit with phrase break strength information, synthetic speech was generated and evaluated subjectively. Second, a new pruning method based on weighted vector quantization (WVQ) was proposed to eliminate redundant synthesis unit instances from the synthesis database. WVQ takes the relative importance of each instance into account when clustering similar instances using vector quantization (VQ) technique. The proposed method was compared with two conventional pruning methods through objective and subjective evaluations of synthetic speech quality: one to simply limit the maximum number of instances, and the other based on normal VQ-based clustering. For the same reduction rate of instance number, the proposed method showed the best performance. The synthetic speech with reduction rate 45% had almost no perceptible degradation as compared to the synthetic speech without instance reduction.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.195-197
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• 2003

Sick sinus syndrome(SSS) constitutes a spectrum of cardiac arrhythmia, including sinus bradycardia, sinus pause-arrest, sinoatrial block, slow escape rhythm, bradyarrhythmia and tachyarrhythmia. SSS is relatively uncommon in children but its exact incidence is unknown because diagnostic criteria are not uniform and most children with SSS, in general are asymptomatic. SSS may be primary(organic sinus node disease) or secondary(cardiac surgery comprises much of SSS in children and adolescents), but it can hardly be caused by familial relations as well. We reports an occurrence of familial sick sinus syndrome. Mother was diagnosed as SSS, which was presented by symptoms of dizziness and treated by permanent pacemaker(DDD). Also, two daughters revealed SSS with non-compacted cardiomyopathy on neonatal screening and fetal echocardiography respectively. We concluded that familial SSS may occur, so familial screening should be suggested.