• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.236-248
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• 2004

This study was carried out to propose improvement planting method by the research and analysis of planting concept, planting density, planting style and pattern in apartment complex, Seoul. Survey sites were selected by reflecting the change of green area ratio : Hawgok Jugong apartment complex, Gangseo-gu(1974), Samik-green apartment complex, Gangdong-gu(1980), Dongsindaea apartment complex, Gangseo-gu(1992). Green area in apartment complex was classified with front green area, side green area, and back-side green area. Planting concept that composed of landscape planting concept but anyother concept was not, was similar to all sites not differ from creation time. And planted species was not differ from planting style. Planting density was of both conopyㆍunder story layer was 0.0∼0.2 tree/$m^2$, and that of shrub layer was 0.0∼0.5 tree/$m^2$ Shrub layer planting density was insufficient and the density was not changed according to the creation time. Canopyㆍunderstory and shrub was planted to another green space, not concern with multi-layer structure. Planting pattern was utilized to single planting, linear planting, and random triangle planting, but it was not to the change that in each green space planting concept. Green area in apartment complex should be variety according to planting density, planting structure and planting pattern. And we should get the function of covering and beauty in case of front green space, that of ecological environment and increasing green volume in case of back-side green area, that of increasing green volume in case of side green area, apartment complex.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.27-37
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• 2013

The western coast of Anmyeondo is open toward the Yellow sea and the northern and southern coasts are sandy and have simple coastlines. In this study, we investigated the spatial distribution and community structure of the macrobenthos that inhabit the sandy shore of Anmyeondo. For the study, we chose 8 sites encompassing 44 stations. In total, we have recorded 62 species, and collected 747 inds./$m^2$ on average. Zonation pattern did not appear because the mean grain size and organic contents of the study sites were similar among the macrobenthos. Polychaetes were most frequently recorded, but amphipods appeared in higher mean density. Macrobenthic community is classified into 3 groups largely based on the density difference among the dominant species and the groups were not influenced by environmental factors. The aggregated distribution of macrobenthos did not show a clear regional spatial difference but exhibited classification pattern emphasizing the density difference of the dominant species. The sandy shores of Anmyeondo are relatively more influenced by waves compared to other regions and the sediment moves more due to strong winds, etc. at low tide. We presume that the movement of sediment resulted in a relatively even sedimentary environment and consequently weakened environmental variables that change with the tide level. We concluded that the macrobenthic community does not show the zonation pattern in the sandy shores of Anmyeondo due to such influences.

• Korean Journal of Optics and Photonics
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.79-85
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• 2004

We report on a transmittance controlled photomask with phase patterns on the back quartz surface. Theoretical analysis for changes in illumination pupil shape with respect to the variation of size and density of backside phase patterns and experimental results for improvement of critical dimension uniformity on a wafer by using the transmittance controlled photomask are presented. As phase patterns for controlling transmittance of the photomask we used etched contact-hole type patterns with 180" rotative phase with respect to the unetched region. It is shown that pattern size on the backside of the photomask must be made as small as possible in order to keep the illumination pupil shape as close as possible to the original pupil shape and to achieve as large an illumination intensity drop as possible at a same pattern density. The distribution of illumination intensity drop suitable for correcting critical dimension error was realized by controlling pattern density of the contact-hole type phase patterns. We applied this transmittance controlled photomask to a critical layer of DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory) having a 140nm design rule and could achieve improvement of the critical dimension uniformity value from 24.0 nm to 10.7 nm in 3$\sigma$.TEX>.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Industry Convergence
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.47-54
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• 2019

An experimental study was conducted on the wear and friction responses in sliding tests of a micro-textured surface on laser pattern (LP) steel as reduction gear material in electric guided vehicle. In this research, the friction characteristics of laser pattern steel under different micro texture density conditions were investigated. The friction tests were carried out at sliding speeds of 0.06 m/s to 0.34 m/s and at normal loads of 2 to 10 N. Photolithography method was used to create the dimples for surface texturing purpose. Four different specimens having different dimple densities of 10%, 12.5%, 15%, and 20% were observed respectively. In this research, friction conditions as shown in Stribeck curve were investigated. Furthermore, the microscopic surface was observed using scanning electron microscope. It was found that the dimple density had a significant role on the friction characteristics of laser pattern steel conditioned as reduction gear material in an agricultural vehicle. The duty number showed that the friction condition was hydrodynamic regime. The best performance was obtained from 12.5% dimple density with lowest friction coefficient achieved at 0.018771 under the velocity of 0.34 m/s and 10N load.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Manufacturing Technology Engineers
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.77-84
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• 2013

In this paper, we review two-dimensional measuring methods referring to target patterns. The patterns consist of two linearly-repeated patterns or is designed repeatedly in two-dimension. The repeated properties are reflectivity, refractivity, air-gapping distance, capacitance, magnetic reluctance, electrical resistance and sloping gradient, etc. However, the optical methods are generally used for high speed processing and density, and their encoding principles are treated here. In case of two-dimensional pattern, as there is not inherently error between single units encoding the pattern except for the metrology frame errors, the end-effector position of an object accompanying the pattern can be measured with respect of the global frame without via error. Therefore, it is regarded as a substitute for laser interferometer with severe environmental constraints and has been applied to the high-accurate planar actuator.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.332-339
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• 1986

This paper proposes a new method for the normalization of shape pattern based on Gaussian probability density function to increase automatic recognition rate of hand-written Hangul pattern. The sizes of hand-written Hangul pattern are detected from the input images, and pattern sizes are normalized by two variables interpolation. The pattrn shapes are noralized by letting correlation coefficients equal to zero. It is analyzed theoretically and verified through computer simulation for the relation between input image and normaized shape pattern. It is confirmed that this method is effective and reasonable for deformed hand-written Hangul pattern. Experimental resu results show that the declination. size and stroke width of hand-written Hangul patterns are mych improved.

• Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea Planning & Design
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.93-104
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• 2018

This study is about occurrence pattern of vacant spaces as a urban decline indicator to consider a decline of old hillside residential area from spatial structure perspective. For investigation based upon vacant space and the street structure, this study selects Ami Chojang-dong in Seo-gu, Busan, of which 79.7% of total area is over a gradient of $10^{\circ}$. Focused on relationship between occurrence pattern of vacant spaces and 'vertical alleys(link)' serving as main movement path of local residents in hillside residential area, the length, numbers, slopes, and use characteristic of vertical alleys were analyzed using Arc GIS 9.3 program to classify characteristic zone types of spacial structure in hillside residential area. After the occurrence pattern of vacant space are interpreted in relation with building density, vertical alleys' number length slope, the social and economic issues have been considered as well. After analyzing the occurrence pattern of vacant space, this study argues that the occurrence pattern of vacant space in old hillside residential area is rather affected by street structure system consisting of vertical alleys than the impacts of social economical issues.

• Proceedings of the Optical Society of Korea Conference
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• 2007.07a
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• pp.285-286
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• 2007

Current distributions according to electrode patterns in vertical structured InGaN/GaN LED (light emitting diode) were investigated quantitatively by utilizing three dimensional electrical circuit modeling method. The uniformity of the injected current density in the active layer was compared among different electrode patterns. It was found that the current uniformity was greatly dependent on the electrode pattern in vertical InGaN/GaN LEDs.

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.25-35
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• 1984

This paper analysis the Dynamic Time Warping algorithms for time normalization of speech pattern and discusses the Dynamic Programming algorithm for spoken Korean isolated digits recognition. In the DP matching, feature vectors of the reference and test pattern are consisted of first three formant frequencies extracted by power spectrum density estimation algorithm of the ARMA model. The major differences in the various DTW algorithms include the global path constrains, the local continuity constraints on the path, and the distance weighting/normalization used to give the overall minimum distance. The performance criterias to evaluate these DP algorithms are memory requirement, speed of implementation, and recognition accuracy.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.81-87
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• 1987

The study was to analysis the dispersion of the cooling water of Kori atomic power station using thermal infrared data. The dispersion pattern of the cooling water analysis clearly on the LANDSAT TM band 6. It was changed due to tidal current, that is, the cooling water disperses north-eastern direction during the low tide and southweatern direction during the high tide. The relative temperature distribution was mapped through the density slicing method on the images.