• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.55-59
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• 1993

Using a visual analogue scale, we compare the effect of patient-controlled analgesia and conventional intramuscular opioid regimen in 68 patients undergoing lower abdominal or gynecological surgery. We also recorded the incidence of side effects. We checked visual analogue scale 4 hours interval for 30 cases managed by patient-controlled analgesia and 38 cases of conventional intramuscular opioid group managed by obstetrician. We maintained fentanyl $0.33{\mu}g/kg/hr$ and set self administrable bolus dose $5.0{\mu}g$(lockout interval: 15 min) in patient-controlled analgesia group. Conventional intramuscular bolus injection group were administered meperidine 50 mg for 4 hour interval. Mean visual analogue scale scores obtained by patient-controlled analgesia group and intramuscular bolus injection group were $2.49{\pm}0.67$ and $4.53{\pm}1.28$(p<0.05). Side effects such as; no significant incidence of respiratory depression, urinary retention, postural hypotension, nausea, vomiting and pruritus were developed by either group. These results suggest that patient-controlled analgesia was more effective method compared with conventional intraumuscular opioid injection regimen for post-operative pain management.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.192-196
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• 2016

Background: This study investigated the efficacy and safety of combined subacromial and intravenous patient-controlled analgesia for control of postoperative pain after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair. Methods: Between May 2012 and August 2014, 60 patients who underwent arthroscopic rotator cuff repair with acromioplasty and received patient-controlled analgesia were studied prospectively. Cases were divided into 2 groups: combined subacromial and intravenous infusion group (group A, 30 cases) and solitary intravenous infusion group (group B, 30 cases). The visual analogue scale was used to record the patient's level of pain every 12 hours during postoperative 72 hours and the following 48 hours after the suspension of patient-controlled analgesia. Results: The mean preoperative visual analogue scale score was 7.8 in group A and 7.6 in group B, and the immediate postoperative visual analogue scale score was 7.9 and 8.1 for each group. At postoperative time (From 12 hours to 72 hours after operation), the scores of combined subacromial and intravenous infusion were significantly lower than those of solitary intravenous infusion. Significant difference in the frequency of supplemental analgesic injections was observed between group A and group B (p=0.008). However, no significant difference in complication rate was observed between the two groups (p=0.562). Conclusions: Combined subacromial and intravenous patient-controlled analgesia after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair is more effective than solitary intravenous infusion without significantly increasing complications. Therefore, combined subacromial and intravenous patient-controlled analgesia could be a effective pain control method.

• Korean Journal of Bronchoesophagology
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.171-176
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• 1998

Postoperative pain following tonsillectomy remains a significant obstacle to speedy recovery and smooth convalescence. Inadequate analgesia causes poor oral intake and influences the length of hospital stay and ability to return to normal activity. Patient Controlled Analgesia (PCA) is a method of analgesia adminstration that consists of a computer driven pump with a button that the patient may press to adminster a small dose of analgesic drug. The aim of this study was to examine whether Intravenous Patient Controlled Analgesia (IV-PCA) can reduce postoperative pain after tonsillectomy. The 100 patients undergoing tonsillectomy with general anesthesia were divided into two groups. The PCA group patients (n=80) received a mixture of nalbuphine and ketorolac by Walkmed PCA infusor during first 48 postoperative hours. In control group (n=20), the patients received oral acetoaminophen (Tyrenol) regularly and tiaprofenic acid (Surgam) intramuscularly on a p.r.n basis. Analgesic efficacy was evaluated with visual linear analogue scale (VAS) and the adverse effects were evaluated with 4 point scale. The patients of PCA group had less pain than those of control group. The adverse effects in the PCA group were nausea and vomiting. This study suggests that IV-PCA may be safe and effective method of pain control after adult tonsillectomy and is better accepted than oral or intramuscular pain medications.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.368-373
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• 1996

Background: The purpose of this study was to determine whether there is any advantage for a continuous background infusion during patient controlled epidural analgesia(PCEA) for postoperative pain control. Methods: 60 patients scheduled for elective cesarean section under epidural anesthesia were assigned randomly in a double-blind fashion to receive fentanyl and bupivacaine by PCEA with or without background infusion for 48 hours postoperatively. Results: Total amount of fentanyl and bupivacaine consumption and degree of sedation were not significantly different between the two groups. Visual analogue scale(VAS) pain scores at 24, 36, and 48h and sleep disturbance were significantly lower in background infusion group. Conclusion: Administration of fentanyl with bupivacaine by continuous background infusion is appropriate for PCEA for postcesarean section pain control.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.191-198
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• 2018

Background: Patient-controlled epidural analgesia (PCEA) is known to provide good postoperative analgesia in many types of surgery including laparoscopic surgery. However, no study has compared PCEA with patient-controlled intravascular analgesia (PCIA) in laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (LARP). In this study, the efficacy and side effects of PCEA and PCIA after LARP were compared. Methods: Forty patients undergoing LARP were randomly divided into two groups: 1) a PCEA group, treated with 0.2% ropivacaine 3 ml and 0.1 mg morphine in the bolus; and 2) a PCIA group, treated with oxycodone 1 mg and nefopam 1 mg in the bolus. After the operation, a blinded observer assessed estimated blood loss (EBL), added a dose of rocuronium, performed transfusion, and added analgesics. The numeric rating scale (NRS), infused PCA dose, and side effects were assessed at 1, 6, 24, and 48 h. Results: EBL, added rocuronium, and added analgesics in the PCEA group were less than those in the PCIA group. There were no significant differences in side-effects after the operation between the two groups. Patients were more satisfied with PCEA than with PCIA. The NRS and accumulated PCA count were lower in PCEA group. Conclusions: Combined thoracic epidural anesthesia could induce less blood loss during operations. PCEA showed better postoperative analgesia and greater patient satisfaction than PCIA. Thus, PCEA may be a more useful analgesic method than PICA after LARP.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.382-387
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• 1999

The concept of PCA(Patient Controlled Analgesia) was first described in 1968, by Sechzer. The earliest descriptions of actual self-administered PCA machines were by Forrest et al. In gastric bypass surgery, cesarian section, orthopedic surgery etc, PCA is widely used in the control of postoperative pain. Previous Studies have shown that PCA provides effective pain-control for the postoperative patient. The postoperative pain-control is a problem that should be solved in surgery. Especially in orthognathic surgery, it is not same as in the case of maxillofacial trauma surgery or of tumor surgery: most orthognathic surgery patients are under operation not accustomed to pains, and difficulties in pain-complaint due to IMF(Intermaxillary fixation), postoperative nausea, and vomiting are additional problem. In this study, we have compared PCA and IM analgesics with respect not only to time request but also to the quality of postoperative pain control.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.69-73
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• 1998

Background: The postoperative pain in children and adolescents is most commonly managed by intramuscular injections of NSAIDs or opioids. This approach may result in fluctuating plasma drug levels and cycles of pain, comfort, and sedation. Patient-controlled analgesia(PCA) is a method of analgesia administration that consists of a computer-driven pump with a button that the patient may press to administer a small dose of analgesic drug. Materials & Methods: Forty ASA physical status 1 or 2 children and adolescents were divided into two groups. In the PRN group, patients received intramuscularly diclofenac(Valentac$^{(R)}$) on a p.r.n. basis. The PCA group patients received a mixture of nalbuphine and ketorolac by WalkMed$^{(R)}$PCA infusor. Analgesic efficacy was evaluated with NRS(numerical rating scale) and Faces Pain Rating Scale. The side effects were evaluated. Results: The patients of PCA group had less pain than those of PRN group. Complications were similar in both group. Conclusions: PCA with nalbuphine and ketorolac is a safe and effective methods of pain relief in children and adolescents after surgery, and is better accepted than intramuscular injections.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.205-208
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• 2011

Objective : Retrospective analysis to compare the effect and complication of epidural patient-controlled analgesia (epidural PCA) with intravenous patient-controlled analgesia (IV PCA) for the treatment of the post-operative pain after posterior lumbar instrumented fusion. Methods : Sixty patients who underwent posterior lumbar instrumented fusion for degenerative lumbar disease at our institution from September 2007 to January 2008 were enrolled in this study. Out of sixty patients, thirty patients received IV PCA group and thirty patients received epidural PCA group. The pain scale was measured by the visual analogue scale (VAS) score. Results : There were no significant difference between IV PCA group and epidural PCA group on the PCA related complications (p=0.7168). Ten patients in IV PCA group and six patients in epidural PCA group showed PCA related complications. Also, there were no significant differences in reduction of VAS score between two groups on postoperative 2 hours (p=0.9618) and 6 hours (p=0.0744). However, postoperative 12 hours, 24 hours and 48 hours showed the significant differences as mean of reduction of VAS score (p=0.0069, 0.0165, 0.0058 respectively). Conclusion : The epidural PCA is more effective method to control the post-operative pain than IV PCA after 12 hours of spinal fusion operation. However, during the first twelve hours after operation, there were no differences between IV PCA and epidural PCA.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.204-214
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• 2014

Purpose: This study was to investigate the effects of the provision of concrete information about patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) in hysterectomy patients. Methods: Study design was a nonequivalent control group non-synchronized pre- and post-test design. Sixty subjects participated were assigned to experimental group (30 patients) or control group (30 patients) at one university hospital. Concrete information about PCA was composed of three sections: explanation with a leaflet, practice of using PCA, and question and answer session. Results: The experimental group who received concrete information about PCA before surgery had statistically higher knowledge level about PCA, more positive attitude toward pain control analgesia, a lower pain score, and a higher satisfaction level of the use of PCA post-surgery compared to the control group who received general information before surgery. Conclusion: Provision of concrete information about PCA was an effective nursing intervention that reduced post-operative pain for patients and increased their satisfaction with using PCA. It is recommended that concrete information about PCA be provided by nurses to promote the use of PCA and consequently reduce patient's pain post-surgery.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.42-48
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• 2006

Open reduction and rigid internal fixation is the most popular treatment method for maxillofacial fracture patients, and it is unevitable that postoperative pain can be developed. Many surgeons including oral & maxillofacial surgeons have made constant efforts to decrease postoperative pain. This study is a comparison of postoperative analgesia and intramuscular analgesia in patients with mandibular fractures. In this study, twenty-one patients (Experimental group) were randomly selected and they were injected with IV patient-controlled analgesia (PCA; Walkmed$^{(R)}$, USA). For control group another twenty-one patients were injected with intramusclar non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs (Rheoma$^{(R)}$, Samsung Pharm. Co.). And then, we measured visual analogue scale (VAS) scores from first postoperative day to second day at regular time interval. The following results were uptained; 1. In patient group who with open reduction and rigid internal fixation, there was significant difference of postoperative analgesic effect during the first postoperative day(p<0.05). 2. In patient group with over 90 minutes surgery time, there was significant difference of postoperative analgesic effect during the first and second postoperative day when compared between experimental group and control group(p<0.05). 3. In patient group with less than 90 minutes surgery time, there was no significant difference of postoperative analgesic effect during the first and second postoperative day when compared between experimental group and control group(p>0.05). 4. In patient group with surgery of open reduction using rigid internal fixation at single fractured site, there was no significant difference of postoperative analgesic effect during the first and second postoperative day when compared between experimental group and control group(p>0.05). 5. In patient group with surgery at two fractured sites, there was significant difference of postoperative analgesic effect during the first postoperative day when compared between experimental group and control group(p<0.05). As mentioned above, it suggest that patient-controlled analgesia is more effective for postoperative pain relief than intramuscular injection in patients with rigid internal fixation by open reduction after mandibular fracture occurred. Especially, it is considered that in patient with more than 90 minutes surgery time or in cases with multiple fractured sites had more effective results with PCA therapy than conventional intramuscular analgesics.