• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.1-13
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• 2014

This paper reports an experimental study into the rheological behaviour of self consolidating concrete (SCC). The investigation aimed at quantifying the impact of the varying amounts of mineral admixtures on the rheology of SCC containing natural sand. Apart from the ordinary Portland cement (OPC), the cementitious materials such as fly ash (FA), ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) and micro-silica (MS) in conjunction with the mineral admixtures were used in different percentages keeping the mix paste volume and flow of concrete constant at higher atmospheric tempterature ($30^{\circ}$ to $40^{\circ}C$). The rheological properties of SCC were investigated using an ICAR rheometer with a four-blade vane. The rheological properties of self-consolidating concrete (SCC) containing different mineral admixtures (MA) were investigated using an ICAR rheometer. The mineral admixtures were fly ash (FA), ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), and micro silica (MS). The results obtained using traditional workability results are compared with those obtained using ICAR rheometer. The instrument ICAR (International Center for Aggregate Research) rheometer employed in the present study for evaluating the rhelogical behaviour of the SCC is found to detect systematic changes in workability, cementitious materials, successfully. It can be concluded that the rheology and the slump flow tests can be concurrently used for predicting the flow behaviours of SCC made with different cementitious materials.

• Advances in concrete construction
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.381-391
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• 2020

This study aimed to develop reference materials (RMs) for mortar that can simulate the initial flow characteristics with constant quality over a long period. Through the previous research on the development of RMs for cement paste, the combination of limestone, glycerol, and water was used as the basic matrix for developing RMs for mortar in this study. In addition, glass beads of three particle sizes (0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mm) and ISO standard sand were selected as tentative candidates to derive fine aggregate substitutes. The mixture of glass beads could simulate the initial flow characteristics of mortar, but under the same mixing ratio, replicates showed an unstable tendency to indicate inconsistent values due to the generation of electrostatic properties between materials and equipment. On the other hand, the mixture using ISO standard Sand not only simulates the constant flow characteristics for a long period of time, but also shows stable results with little error in replicates. Therefore, limestone, glycerol, ISO standard sand, and water were finally determined as components that met the required properties of RMs for mortar. The effect of each component on the flow characteristics of RMs was analyzed. It was found that glycerol increased the cohesion between the particles of standard sand, resulting in a constant increase both in the plastic viscosity and yield stress. Both limestone and standard sand had a dominant effect on the yield stress. The relationships between various mortar mixing ratios and the corresponding mixing ratios of RMs were established. In addition, the results of the verification experiment showed that the rheological properties of the RMs obtained through the relationships correlated with various water/cement ratios and the fine aggregate volume fractions of mortar obtained with same manner. In other words, the RMs for mortar developed in this study can be used as standard samples because they can simulate the initial flow characteristics of mortar of various mixing ratios for a long period without any chemical changes.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.277-288
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• 2004

Alkali-silica reaction (ASR) is a chemical reaction between alkalies in cement and chemically unstable aggregates and causes expansion and cracking of concrete. In the Present study, we studied the effects of metakaolin, which is a newly introduced mineral admixture showing excellent pozzolainc reaction property, on the inhibition of ASR. We prepared mortar-bars of various replacement ratios of metakaolin and conducted alkali-silica reactivity test (ASTM C 1260), compressive strength test and flow test. We also carefully analyzed the mineralogical changes in hydrate cement paste by XRD qualitative analysis. The admixing of metakaolin caused quick pozzolanic reaction and hydration reaction that resulted in a rapid decrease in portlandite content of hydrated cement paste. The expansion by ASR was reduced effectively as metakaolin replaced cement greater than 15%. This resulted in that the amounts of available portlandite decreased to less than 10% in cement paste. It is considered that the inhibition of ASR expansion by admixing of metakaolin was resulted by the combined processes that the formation of deleterious alkali-calcium-silicate gel was inhibited and the penetration of alkali solution into concrete was retarded due to the formation of denser, more homogeneous cement paste caused by pozzolanic effect. Higher early strength (7 days) than normal concrete was developed when the replacement ratios of metakaolin were greater than 15%. And also, late strength (28 days) was far higher than normal concrete for the all the replacement ratios of metakaolin. The development patterns of mechanical strength for metakaolin admixed concretes reflect the rapid pozzolanic reaction and hydration properties of metakaolin.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.44-50
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• 2016

A study to apply phase change material(PCM) to rapid hardening cement paste forming semi-rigid pavement was carried out. The characteristics fresh and hardened paste were evaluated through the experiment for a total of 6 mixtures according to the cement type and the substitution of phase change material for acrylate. The fluidity by substituting phase change material for acrylate satisfied the target flow time of 10 to 13 seconds. In case of setting time, it was possible to secure the performance of rapid hardening cement by substituting phase change material, and if the substitution ratio over 60%, the initial set occurred 1 to 2 minutes faster than other mixtures. In case of compressive strength and bond strength, it showed similar strength characteristics with the plain mixture, and it satisfied both the target compressive and bonding strength of 36MPa and 2MPa. The mixture substituting phase change material showed higher resistance to chloride ion penetration than the mixture only using acrylate and the OPC level was insufficient. From the results of physical and mechanical performances of semi-rigid pavement cement paste, the phase change material substitution rate of 20% was effective in the range of this study.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.285-291
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• 2014

Partial replacement of cement with blast furnace slag has many advantages such as the reduction of construction fee, the decrease of hydration heat and the increase of long-term strength. Hence, slag is widely used in practice. This study investigates the effect of slag on the rheological properties of cement paste and mortar. Three different types of slag (BS1, BS2 and BS3) with five different contents (0, 20, 40, 60 and 80 wt.%) were used to replace the cement. Each type of slag has different fineness. Water to binder ratio was 0.5. Test results showed that the partial replacement of BS1 and BS2 decreased flow and increased O-lot flow time, whereas that of BS3 caused an opposite effect, i.e., increased flow and decreased O-lot flow time. It was found that there was a good corelation between the values of yield stress and flow.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.511-519
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• 2015

Methods such table flow, slump and outflow time have used to be as a main evaluation criteria regards to fluidity of concrete. Since those methods mentioned above have some inaccuracies which are up to its condition of test. Studies that evaluate fluidity applying the rheology has increased its portion in this field. Meanwhile, demands for AAS binder have been increased in accordance with its demand for this market, studies for rheology of AAS binder are little though. Therefore, this paper mainly deals a rheological peculiarity of AAS binder according to its condition of W/B ratio and alkali activators. The fluidity of AAS paste was evaluated with the index of table flow and outflow time. And shear stress following its shear rate was analyzed through rheological test. Rheological parameters were deduced through this rheological test of Bingham model and analyzed its interrelation with fluidity test. As the final outcome, it proposed the interrelation among table flow, yield stress, viscosity and outflow time. In basis of this study, we would like to suggest a reference for mixing AAS mortars and concretes.

• Journal of the Korean Recycled Construction Resources Institute
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.295-302
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• 2021

Surface modification of recycled plastic film-based aggregates is demonstrated to enhance the interaction between aggregates and cement paste. It is shown that the oxygen(O₂) atmospheric pressure plasma(APP) treatment leads to a drastic increase in hydrophilicity. In case of the plasma treatment at 100W of RF power, 15/4sccm of O₂/Ar flow rate and 30sec of discharging time, the water contact angle on the aggregates surface decreased from 104.5° to 44.0°. In addition, the contact angle of surface modified aggregates kept in air increased with time elapse. Improvement of hydrophilicity can be explained by the formation of new hydrophilic oxygen functional groups which is identified as C-OH, C-O-C, C=O, -COOH by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) analysis and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR). Therefore, it can be concluded that the plasma treatment process is an effective method to improve adhesion of the recycled plastic film-based aggregates and cement paste.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.17 no.3 s.87
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• pp.473-480
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• 2005

In this study, a mix design for self compacting concrete was based on Okamura's method and concrete incorporated just a ground granulated blast furnace slag. Replacement ratio of slag is in the range of $20-80\%$ of cement matrix by volume. For the optimal self compactability in mixture incorporating ground granulated blast furnace slag, the paste and mortar tests were first completed. Then the slump flow, elapsed time of 500mm slump flow, V funnel time and filling height by U type box were conducted in concrete. The volume of coarse aggregate in self compacting concrete was in the range of $50-60\%$ to the solid volume percentage of coarse aggregate. Finally, the compressive and splitting tensile strengths were determined in the hardened self compacting concrete incorporating ground granulated blast furnace slag. From the test results, it is desirable for self compacting concrete that the replacement of ground granulated blast furnace slag is in the range of $40-60\%$ of cement matrix by volume and the volume of coarse aggregate to the solid volume percentage of coarse aggregate with a limit of $55\%$.

• Journal of computational fluids engineering
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.81-92
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• 2015

Construction waste mainly consists of concrete aggregates of various size. Improper handling of concrete waste would be a major environmental problem whereas its recycling would be both economically useful and environmentally friendly. Bigger concrete aggregates are crushed and converted to medium and fine particles to make them recyclable. An apparatus to separate the concrete aggregates by their size is thus needed for their effective recycling. In this work, segregation of concrete particles in air flows from a newly designed rotary separator having three stages of blades is simulated using a commercial software, ANSYS-CFX. Both 2-D and 3-D models with 360, 240 and 180 blades in each stage are considered. Fundamental mechanism of separation of particles(pase) and the effect of design parameters such as particle size, rotor speed, air flow rate etc. on the performance of the separator are investigated. Critical size of particles that can be separated by the developed separator is also presented in this work. Simulation results are overall in good agreement with data predicted from the theoretical model previously reported in the companion paper.

• Journal of the Korean Electrochemical Society
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.77-81
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• 2005

Porous-composite electrodes have been developed using silica gel, which reduce carbon aerogel usage with high cost. Silica gel powder was added to the carbon aerogel to simplify the manufacturing procedure and to increase the wet-ability, the mechanical strength and the CDI efficiency. Porous composite electrodes composed of carbon aerogel and silica gel powder were prepared by paste rolling method. Carbon aerosol composite electrodes with $10\times10cm^2$ are placed face to face between spacers, and assembled the four-stage series cells for CDI process. Each stage is composed of 45 cells. Four-stage series cells (flow through cells) for CDI process are put in continuous-system reactor containing 1,000ml-NaCl solution bath of 1,000 ppm. The four-stage series cells with carbon aerogel electrodes are charged at 1.2V and are discharged at 0.001V, and then read the current. Conclusively, removal efficiencies of ions using the four-stage series cells composed of carbon aerogel composite electrodes show good removal efficiency of $99\%$ respectively.