• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
• /
• v.13 no.6
• /
• pp.2779-2788
• /
• 2012

The housing market is now difficult because of excess of the increase rate of housing and long-term recession but high-rise mixed-use buildings can mix residential facilities with various demand facilities focusing and they have the advantages to secure open space and excellent view by high-rise apartment. But there are problems by hindrance of skyline formation and height of buildings. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to suggest the height standard and the slenderness ratio to location types of Mixed-use Residential Tall buildings. For the method of the study, term arrangement through literature search and the precedent research survey were first done, the level of urban design and the details related to the height of buildings were done as the case research focusing on the 16 cases in Seoul. The following results were drawn by suggesting the height standard and the slenderness ratio by location type based on them. First, the height of mixed-use building by location type in the level of urban design gets higher starting from the secondary center of the city and can be suggested as from less than 150m to more than 200m. Second, the slenderness ratio shall be planned as more than 1:3 because the area of the ground level of mixed-use building is large unlike Mixed-use Residential Tall buildings and visual passage shall be placed so that unity of openness and group formation will be planned. Third, for the height related to Mixed-use Residential Tall buildings, amendment of the special architectural district system and the special law related to super high-rise buildings shall be enacted.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.79 no.2
• /
• pp.115-126
• /
• 1990

This study was performed to find differences in phototaxis response of the larva, adult emergence, sex ratio and gall formation rate of Thecodiplosis japonensis Uchida et Inouye between two areas, north and south. Larvae from these two areas, Hweng-sung in north and Moo-an in south, both considered to be the sities of severe outbreak of the insect recently, were collected from the floor and transported to the entomology larboratory, Won-Kwang University in Iri, then overwintered. These larvae were used for various experimental purposes on various dates. The following results were obtained. 1. The sizes of larvae reached 2.45 in length, 0.70 in width for north, and 2.50 in length, 0.72 in width for sourth. It seems that the differents were not significant. 2. It is known that Leaving gall of larvae to the ground for the hibernation usually occurs on rainy days. For the larvae dispersion, the phototaxis response of the larvae was hypothesized. To check this, the author manipulated some different illumination intensities adjusting the distance between the glass tube in which 100 larvae were contained and electric bulb. The glass tubes were blackened all but except a small portion. The phototaxis responses between two areas seemed to be different particularly at low light intensities, 45, 145 and 1000 lux, The larvae from north assembled to the clear portion of the glass tube were more than 30 out of 100, however less than 30 in south sample regardless of the time passage. In either cases, the saturation points came after about 8 to 10 hours. If temperature units were used, the phototaxis curve= after 1 hour illumination between two areas provided significant differences. 3. The adult emergence of south area was lagged 10 days later than that of north area. The accumulated effective day-degrees of temperature for adult emergence were $934^{\circ}C$ for north area and $1180^{\circ}C$ for south area. The emerging duration of north area appeared to be in late May through the early of July and the peak emergence occurred in middle June that was approximately 15days earlier than that of south area. The sex ratio of female to male, regardless of area, was approximately 3 : 1. 4. The rates of gall formation of the red pine(Pinus densiflora Siebold et Zuccarini), 6-year-old seedlings, were as low as 9.94% for north area and 8.87% for south area. Through the close observation, the author presumed that the population reduction was greatly affected during the prepupa stage by relative moisture content and predators, such as spiders and ants presented on the ground.

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.8 no.5
• /
• pp.492-496
• /
• 1998

Intact measurement of leaf water content was attempted using the transmission of beta radiation. Prior to the experiments, two tested plants, rice and soybean, were grown in 1/5000a wagner pot. The moisure ratio of plant leaves were measured with the beta radiation transmission method using a G-M detector and $^{99}$ Tc as the beta ray sou-rce. Beta radiation transmission showed a tendancy to increase with the passage of time after leaf cutting. However, it showed a tendancy to decrease with water supply for the lack of water. A positive correlation was found between the leaf water content and beta radiation transmission. The mutiple regression analysis about leaf water content was obtained that the coefficient of partial regression for beta radiation transmission was much higher(rice; -0.863, soybean; -0.904) than that for specific leaf area(rice; 0.007, soybean: 0.004).

• 보존과학연구
• /
• s.10
• /
• pp.1-40
• /
• 1989

Between 1976 and 1984 approximately 26.7 tons of Chinese coins were recovered from a shipwreck which was found at the seabed of the Shin an area in the south-western coast of the Korean peninsula. Elements, Cu, Pb, Sn, Fe, Sb, As, Zn, Ag, Ni, Co and Mn, of 54 pieces of the coins were determined by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy(ICP-AIS). The result shows that Ch, Pb, and Sn were found to be major elements roughly the coins with the ratio of 7 : 2 : 1, respectively. Trace elements were classified into 3 levels according to the avarage concentration : Fe,As and Sb(0.1-0.5%), Ag, Mi, Co and Zn(100-1000ppm) and Mn(10ppm). Some systematic tendencies are observed in the composition change with a function of their minting ages .The Wuzhu coins(오수전) from the Eastern Han dynasty(A.D.25-219 )are much more abundant in Cu than the coins of Tang dynasty(A.D.618-907) and later periods. Major element compositions of the Kai -tong Vuan-Bao(개통원보) coins from the Tang dynasty, were remarkably variable. In general, however, the Tang dynasty coins were much more abundant in Cu than the Song dynasty(A.S.S60-1279) coins. The amount of major elements Cu and Sn decreases while that of Pb in creasesby passage of age from the Bei Song dynasty(A.D.960-1127) to later Nam Song dynasty (A.D.1127-1279 ). It means that the quality of coins mere degraded. The amounts of trace elemends(Fe, As, Co, Hn) increases with the above age. High amounts of trace elements are supposed to be a reflection of immaturity of minting techniques or use of impurity-rich raw materials. The Jin dynasty(A.D.1125-1234) coins are found to be rich in Sn and thus contain Pb as the third component. It is quite different from the coins of the Song dynasty. The Zhi-dai Tong-Bao(지대통보) coins of the Yuan dynasty from A.0.1310 are much more abundant in Cu and Sn than those of the Nam Song dynasty .

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.35 no.1 s.120
• /
• pp.1-8
• /
• 2007

The purpose of this study is to suggest the minimum distance needed between landscape trees and apartment buildings. in order for the trees to grow soundly and maintain constant growth. Therefore, this study investigated and analyzed the present conditions of the green-spaces contiguous to apartment buildings and the trees inside the apartment complex. The following general problems were identified : (1) the tree growth conditions, (2) the planting intervals, and (3) the planting methods in the apartment complexes. The method of this study was to survey areas, measure the trees and analyze the results. Ten apartment complexes located in Seoul were randomly selected for this study. To analyze the greens contiguous to the building of each apartment complex, the greens were divided into three types, including the front greens, the side greens, and the rear greens. The study surveyed the width of all contiguous greens and the distance from trees to my given building. Four representative sites were specifically investigated to measure the crown widths, heights, and diameters of the trees. These investigations were carried out over 3 months from August to December 2006. According to the results of the study, it was found that the greens are narrower in width and the more closer to a building. The study identified a correlation between the tree and the passage of time after the completion of construction of an apartment complex, showing that the malformation of the trees worsened as time passed. As a result of measuring the right crown and left crown width with the tree trunk as the center, a broad difference was found between coniform trees and trees that tend to branch out more. For example, the ratio of the width of the Acer palmatum is 1:6. However, the ratio of the Metasequoia glyptostroboide is 1:1.7. Based on the overall analysis, it was concluded that the maintained minimum width must be greater than one meter over the green space according to the 'Landscape Standard 2000'. However, that is only applicable to cases such as apartment buildings that present no obstacles. In conclusion having greens placed within one meter of width to a building is not an appropriate environment for the healthy growth of trees. To create sound green spaces, sustainable, long-term growth rate and size should be considered. It is necessary to prepare new standards for the computation of planting trees and the measurement of square landscapes. Wall greenery and shrubberies could be an alternative in the case of a narrow-width green space.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Laryngology, Phoniatrics and Logopedics
• /
• v.15 no.1
• /
• pp.16-20
• /
• 2004

Purpose : To assess perceptual, acoustic and aerodynamic measure of voice quality in patients with unilateral vocal cord paralysis before and after type I thyroplasty. Methods : The clinical records of patients operated type I thyroplasty in the Departement of otorhinoalryngolgy, Yongdong Severance hospital from November 2001 to November 2003 were reviewed. All patients uderwent a vocal function evaluation including perceptual, acoustic and aerodynamic measures of voice preoperative and on $60^{th}$ postoperative day. The perceptual and acoustic measures were obtained from recording of patients' reading a 'Sanchak' passage. The perceptual evaluation was performed by 2 speech pathologist using a 4-point rating scale. Acoustic parameters(voice range profile low(RAL), voice range profile high(RAH), average fundamental frequency(AFX), closed quotient, harmonic to noise ratio, jitter and shimmer) were investigated by Lx speech studio. Mean flow rate(MFR), subglottic pressure(Psub) and intensity were measured using the Phonatory function analyzer. The maximum phonation time was also measured. The data were statistically analyzed. A paired t-test (p<0.1) was used to compare preoperative and postoperative results. And multiple regression test was used to find which parameter was most correlated to improvement of postoperative voice quality. Results : Among aerodynamic parameters, Psub $(88.11mmH_2O{\rightarrow}58.7mmH_2O)$, MPT(7.87sec${\rightarrow}$12.53sec), MFR (359.8ml/sec${\rightarrow}$161.06ml/sec) were statistically improved. AFx(205.5Hz${\rightarrow}$163.27Hz), AQx(23.9%${\rightarrow}$48.3%), RAL, RAH. Jotter and shimmer were improved. In multiple regression test, AFx and AQx was noted as the two meost correlated parameters to improvement of postoperative breathiness. But general grade of voice quality was more correlated to Psub and shimmer. Conclusion : Vocal fold medialization procedures effectively reduce glottic gap. Increasing of contact area of both vocal folds induced improvement in aerodynamic parameters and leaded stabilizing of vocal fold vibration. That effect results in improvement in acoustic parameters (shimmer, jitter, signal-to-noise ratio, voice range profile) and voice quality.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
• /
• v.22 no.5
• /
• pp.34-41
• /
• 2021

Sidewalks are facilities used for the safe and comfortable passage of pedestrians and are paved with blocks of various materials. Currently, Korea does not have a quantitative survey method for the pavement condition of sidewalks, so it is necessary to develop an efficient survey method. Drones are being used as an efficient survey tool in various fields, but there are limited studies in which sidewalks have been investigated. This study investigates the possibility of detection by limiting the missing sidewalk blocks using a drone. This study is an initial study on the development of a method for detecting damage in sidewalk blocks. For this, sidewalk blocks were artificially removed to simulate a dropout situation, and images were acquired with 0.7-cm resolution using a drone. As a characteristic of the point cloud data acquired through image pre-processing, there was high variance of the elevation of the points in the missing area of the sidewalk block. Using these characteristics, an experiment was conducted to detect the missing parts of the sidewalk block by applying four thresholds to the variance of the elevation of points included in the grid corresponding to the sidewalk area. As a result, the detection accuracy was shown with a positive detection ratio of 70-80%, omission errors of 20-30%, and commission errors lower than 2%. It is judged that the possibility of detecting missing sidewalk blocks is high. This study focused on detecting a simulated missing sidewalk block in a limited environment. Therefore, it is expected that an efficient and quantitative method of detecting damaged sidewalk blocks can be developed in the future through additional research with considerations of the actual environment.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
• /
• v.17 no.4 s.88
• /
• pp.569-579
• /
• 2005

An investigation for long-term strength characteristics of crushed sand concrete using crushed sands produced in Yang-san, Kim-hae and Jin-hae that can be assumed to respectively represent eastern, middle and western suburbs of Busan has been carried out. Concrete is composed of 70~80% of aggregates in whole volume so the effect of aggregates quality to the characteristics of concrete is very important. Since 1980s, aggregates used in concrete have already been substituted crushed stone because of the exhaustion of natural gravel and sand. Crushed sand tends to increase in using quantity because of the prohibition of sea sand picking and deterioration of river sand. Crushed sand is blended with river sand in order to investigate the quality changes and characteristics of concrete as variation of blend ratio of crushed sand (n, 50, 70, 80, 90, 100%). Slump and air content were measured to investigate the properties of fresh concrete. Unit weight, compressive strength and modulus of elasticity in age of 7, 28, 60, n, 180 days were measured to investigate properties of hardened concrete. Compressive strength, unit weight and modulus of elasticity were increased with a passage of time and they are expected to keep on increasing in long-term age as well. The experimental results of the qualifies of crushed aggregates in each producing area, were all satisfied with Korea Standard. The results of the measurement of slump exposed that slump preferably decreased as mixing rate increased till 70~80% but it increased to mixing rate 70~80%. The air content was exposed that it decreased by micro filler phenomenon according to that crushed sand b)ended ratio increased. According to the result of measuring unit weight in age of 7, 28, 60, 90, 180days, it increased in accordance with that blended ratio of crushed aggregates increases. As a result of measuring compressive strength and modulus of elasticity in age of 7, 28, 50, 90, 180days, compressive strength was highest when it is 70% of blended ratio.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
• /
• v.44 no.1
• /
• pp.101-108
• /
• 2024

The total number of railroad stations managed in Korea is 322 (including general and wide-area railways), and a considerable number of stations are aging. In terms of the size of the existing railway station and the number of entrances, it has not been possible to secure adequate service capacity, and the demand for station improvement is increasing due to changes in surrounding conditions such as urban development. In the past, railroad stations were focused on the simple function of a connection passage in terms of maintenance or management, but in recent years, railroad stations are also changing to an atmosphere that they should be reborn as a user-centered comfortable, convenient, and safe service provision space. In this study, a case study related to the improvement of the old railway station was conducted to derive an improvement plan that meets the improvement standard of the old station, and the service level evaluation standard was developed. By introducing the concept of service level (LOS) in the development model, station congestion, station movement convenience, and station safety were selected as evaluation indicators. In addition, this development model applied an analytical stratification technique to divide various evaluation elements of each indicator into major and detailed elements and derive the relative importance of the elements by class. Priority for improvement was derived using the ratio of the number of E and F on the LOS for each facility. Based on this study, it is expected to be helpful in using it as an evaluation criterion for improving objective and equitable railway station.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.37 no.4
• /
• pp.72-85
• /
• 2009

This study attempts to examine the principles of landscape composition for a 'Suhwon(書院)' and the meaning and value of its traditional landscape architecture, in order to apply the results to the design of modern landscape architecture. A 'Suhwon' is a vital space containing the form and meaning of human activity. This study analyzes the characteristics of landscape composition in the construction of the Namgea Suhwon, located in Hamyang, by examining the form and meaning of its area and composition. The Namgea Suhwon was constructed with a suitable configuration and harmony in a good location, neither field nor mountain, and which encompasses transcendence and a return after passage through a period of birth and abundance. Its appearance means 'life existence and hidden death(生居死幽)'. Its spatial system is a reflection of the idea of Samshinoje(三神五帝: The three abilities of Providence and its five subjects) connected with Ilsangje -Samshin -Ohje. It was built based on the idea of Biryebudong(非禮不動) meaning that one should follow only good decorum and avoid discourtesy, complying with "the frame of decorum" developed by the family rites of Chu Hsi. The environmental design of the Namgea Suhwon was interrupted by the material confrontation between mountains and water and a binary code system, such as front to rear, length to breadth, and movement to stillness. The design did not adhere to stiff axes, but pursued the harmonic principles of asymmetric balance in the building and the yard, which are very naturalistic. The name 'Namgea Suhwon' is closely related with the view of placement(置) and harmony(和), which are unified with the function and meaning formed by connecting Sung Confucianism with the Pungsu-Sasinsa structure in the layout of the grounds. When examining the D/H ratio of the building and yard, it can be seen that the spaces of Ganghak, Yusang and Jehyang were built appropriately, according to the natural characteristics of each space, such as a sense of openness, enclosure, tension, relief, enhancement, and hierarchical order. The spaces also reflect human scale concepts that take advantage of auditory features. The transition process after the construction of 'Namgea Suhwon' reveals the intentions of the builder to create an ecological landscape composition based on Placement and Harmony. Placement embodies' a purposeful space in which nature and the building are connected naturally, 'incomplete open space pursuing completion', and 'potential beauty in which tension and relaxation are repeated'. Harmony embodies 'order and continuity having a sense of unity with the natural environment' and the 'sharing of daily life and memory'. 'Namgea Suhwon' contains many ideas for landscape planning, land use and the design of a campus environment.