• Advances in environmental research
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.189-202
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• 2017

This study examines the concentrations of particulate-phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and gas-phase PAHs in sidestream cigarette smoke. Sixteen PAHs were determined for four brands of cigarettes. The volume of the experimental room is approximately $66m^3$. The air samples in the room were collected before and after smoking. The median total of particulate-phase and gas-phase PAH concentrations before smoking $3.13ng/m^3$and $48.0ng/m^3$, respectively. The median concentrations of them after smoking were $10.0ng/m^3$ and $79.6ng/m^3$. The median increases in the total of 16 PAH concentrations per cigarette during smoking were 271 ng for the particulate-phase PAHs and 1960 ng for the gas-phase PAHs. According to the relationship between particulate-phase and gas-phase PAHs after smoking, the two- to four-ring gas-phase PAHs and the higher molecular weight particulate-phase PAHs were probably formed from similar precursors. The relationship between the total suspended particulate (TSP) concentration and the increase in the total particulate-phase concentration of the 16 PAHs per cigarette during smoking were significantly positive. The increase in the total gas-phase concentration of the 16 PAHs tended to increase as the TSP concentration increased. This may indicates that decreasing the amount of TSP produced inhibit the production of PAHs during smoking.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• 제19권E2호
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• pp.89-97
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• 2003

Ambient polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were measured during the winter and summer of 2002 in Chongju. A filter pack and polyurethane foam (PUF) system was employed to collect simultaneously the particulate and gas phase PAHs. The samples were then analyzed using a gas chromatograph equipped with mass spectrometer detectors (GC/MSD). A total of 29 samples were collected and 11 PAH species were identified. The lower molecular weight PAH compounds (3∼4 rings) dominated the total PAH mass. The higher molecular weight PAH compounds (5∼6 rings) were less abundant. The PAHs were showed to exhibit seasonal variations. The concentrations of all com-pounds were significantly higher in winter than summer. The lower molecular weight PAHs were mostly found in the gas phase whereas the heavier ones were mainly associated with particulate phase. Vehicle emissions are likely to be the primary contributor of PAHs in Chongju. This study also demonstrated that it is necessary to perform simultaneously particulate and gas phase measurements to determine the accurate concentrations of ambient PAHs.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2010

The effectiveness of the government regulation on tail-pipe emission for diesel vehicles issued in 2003 in Tokyo was evaluated in this study. Variations in annual average concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nitro-PAHs associated with airborne particulate matter were investigated in connection with the variation in airborne elemental carbon (EC) concentration in downtown Tokyo, Japan in 2006-2007 and in 1997-1998. The annual average concentrations of EC, seven different PAHs, and 1-nitropyrene were found to have decreased significantly from 1997-1998 to 2006-2007. The most prominent decrease in atmospheric concentration was observed for 1-nitropyrene, which is a representative nitro-PAH originating from diesel vehicles. This indicated that the government control has worked to considerably reduce both atmospheric mutagens and airborne particulate matter. In contrast, the concentrations of two nitro-PAHs, 2-nitrofluoranthene and 2-nitropyrene, remained the same. These nitro-PAHs are known to be formed by atmospheric nitration of their parent PAHs, and this result suggested factors other than the concentration of parent PAHs and $NO_2$ affects the degree of atmospheric formation of nitro-PAHs.

• 한국입자에어로졸학회지
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.169-176
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• 2014

본 연구에서는 대기 중 연직방향의 혼합에 의한 PAHs 성분의 농도 분포 특성을 파악하였다. 모든 측정기간 동안 지상에서의 총 PAHs 농도가 상공에서 관측한 결과보다 높았고, 약 4-5배정도 높았다. 고도별 PAHs성분들의 구성비율은 동일 측정날에서는 PAH 성분들의 구성비율이 유사하였지만, 측정일별로는 다른 분포를 보였다. 이를 통해 상공에서의 PAH 성분들의 농도분포는 지상의 PAH 성분들의 농도분포와 관련이 있음을 확인하였다. 특정 PAH 성분들의 분포비율을 바탕으로 지상과 상공의 PAHs 분포 및 배출특성을 살펴본 결과, 상공의 PAH 성분들은 지상에 비해 대기 체류시간이 상대적으로 높았고, 지상과 상공 모두 동일하게 바이오매스 및 석탄의 연소에 의한 배출영향이 지배적인 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 본 연구는 국내에서는 처음으로 고도별 입자상 PAH 성분들의 농도 특성을 파악하였다는데 의의가 있다. 하지만, 상공에서의 PAHs 농도의 보다 명확한 특성파악을 위해서는 고도별 PAHs 농도 프로파일이 작성되어야 한다. 따라서, 동일 측정일에 다양한 고도에서의 입자 시료의 확보가 요구된다.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.242-249
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• 2007

Deposition fluxes of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were measured at the Chonbuk National University located in Jeonju between June and November 2002. Fluxes of gaseous and particulate PAHs were separately obtained using a water surface sampler (WSS) and a dry deposition plate (DDP). Most of PAHs were deposited in the gaseous form since the low molecular weight PAHs dominates in the atmosphere. The deposition velocity of particulate PAHs was higher than that of gaseous PAHs when the molecular weight was low, but substantially decreased as the fine particle fraction increased with molecular weight. The deposition velocity was generally higher at high wind speeds. However, increase in the deposition velocity in unstable atmospheric conditions was also observed for gaseous PAHs of intermediate molecular weight.

• 한국대기환경학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국대기환경학회 2003년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.341-342
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• 2003

대기 중의 부유분진 (suspended particulate matters)은 대기오염을 측정하는 일반지표 중의 한 항목으로, 보통 대기의 단위부피당 질량으로 그 오염정도를 판단하고 있다. 대기 중 부유분진은 입경별 농도분포에 따라 통해 오염원의 특성을 파악할 수 있고, 여러 오염원에서 배출되어지는 여러 화학물질들로 구성되어 있기 때문에 인체 위해성 측면에서 많은 관심의 대상이 되어 왔다. 또한 다환방향족탄화수소 (Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, PAHs)는 환경에 존재하는 중요한 발암물질이자 돌연변이 유도체이다.(중략)

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.118-127
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• 2007

Between June and November 2002, the atmospheric concentrations and dry deposition fluxes of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Chonju were measured four times each over five days. The total concentration of PAHs in ambient air was $84\;ng/m^3$, with about 90% existing in the vapor phase. Plots of log ($K_p$) vs. log (${P_L}^0$) indicated that PAHs partitioning was not in equilibrium and the particulate characteristics did not change with seasonal variations. The PAHs fluxes to a water surface sampler (WSS) and a dry deposition plate (DDP) were about 14.15 and $1.92\;{\mu}g/m^2/d$, respectively. The flux of the gaseous phase, acquired by subtracting the DDP from the WSS results, was about $12.23\;{\mu}g/m^2/d$. A considerable correlation was shown between the atmospheric concentrations and deposition fluxes in the gaseous phase, but not in the particulate phase, as the fluxes of the particulate phase were dependent on the physical velocity differences of the particulates based on the particle diameter.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.213-220
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• 2008

The characteristics of PAHs accumulated on pine needles which were used as passive samplers of atmospheric POPs were studied. Atmospheric PAHs were accumulated on pine needles. The absorbed rate of PAHs was higher in gaseous state than in particulate and is not constant. The accumulation rate did not change too much among different classes of pine trees. Therefore young pine needles is better as a passive sampler of atmospheric PAHs for short monitoring period.

• 약학회지
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• 제30권6호
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• pp.323-328
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• 1986

This paper describes on the distribution of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in various size of atmospheric particulate matter (A.P.M.). A.P.M. in Seoul city were collected on guartz fiber filter according to particle size using an Andersen high volume air sampler from Feb. 1983 to March 1984. And 7 PAHs [benzo(a)pyrene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, benzo(ghi)perylene, benzo(e) pyrene, perylene, chrysene, and pyrene] were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography. The concentration of A.P.M. showed spring-winter maxima and summer-autumn minia. The A.P.M. was lowest in the concentration at the 1.1~3.3$\mu\textrm{m}$ particulates, and the concentration increased as the particle size increased or decreased. But the concentrations of PAHs increased with the decrease in the particle size, and were predominant in winter. The correlations among the PAHs were high. And there fore, benzo(a)pyrene concentration could be considered as the representive of PAHs.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.133-142
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• 2008

이 연구에서는 2005년 5월부터 2006년 6월까지 5차례에 걸쳐 서울시 신촌동에 위치한 도로변에서 입자상 PAHs의 농도 분포 특성을 살펴보았다. 도로변에서 입자상 PAHs 농도 분포는 측정시기별로 다른 양상을 보였지만, 2005년 11월을 제외하고는 벤젠고리가 $5{\sim}6$개로 구성된 고분자량 성분들의 농도가 높았다. 입자상 PAHs의 도로변 고유한 특성을 살펴보기 위해 기존 대기와 터널에서 측정한 입자상 PAHs 농도들과 비교하였다. 터널 결과에 비해 상대적으로 도로변에서는 BbF, Ind, BghiP 등의 고분자량 성분들의 비율이 높았는데, 이것은 동력계 시험을 바탕으로 알려진 자동차의 PAHs 배출 특성과 유사하였다. 대기에서는 도로변에 비해 Phen, Pyr, Flt이 높았지만, 도로변에서는 이들 성분들이 고분자량 성분들과 비슷한 비율로 분포하였다. 서울과 고산 대기 중 입자상 PAHs에는 석탄 연소를 포함한 여러 배출원에서 배출된 PAH 성분들이 혼합되어 있는 반면, 도로변에서 측정한 이 연구결과는 자동차 배출에 의한 영향이 지배적이었기 때문인 것으로 여겨졌다. 도로변에서 입자상 PAHs의 주요 배출원을 추정하기 위하여 특정 성분들의 농도비를 분석한 바에 의하면, 일반적으로 도로변에서는 자동차 배출에 의한 영향이 지배적이었고, 자동차 중에서도 경유 자동차 배출의 영향이 컸던 것으로 판단되었다. 2005년 9월과 11월에는 석탄과 바이오매스 연소의 영향이 보였는데, 이는 도로변이 대기와 혼재되어 나타난 결과로 추정된다.