• Advances in concrete construction
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.321-333
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• 2019

The present study targets to access the consequence of utilization of coarse aggregates retrieved from waste concrete as a substitution of coarse fraction of natural aggregates and silica nano-particles as partial substitution of cement using principles of factorial design. Furthermore, procedures of design of experiments are employed to examine the effect of use of recycled aggregates and nano-silica. In this investigation, compressive strength found after at 7, 28, 90 and 365 days, split and flexural tensile strength, ultrasonic pulse velocity and rebound number and are chosen as responses, whereas the percentages of recycled coarse aggregates (RCA%) and nano-silica (NS(%)) are selected as factors. Analysis of Variance has been conducted on the experimental results for the selected responses with consideration the both factors, which indicates that RCA (%) and NS (%) have substantial impact on the various responses. However, the present analysis depicts that interaction between factors has considerable effect on the chosen parameters of concrete. Furthermore, validation experiments are carried to validate these models for compressive and tensile strength for 100% RCA and 1% NS. The results of comparative study indicates that that the error of the estimation determined using the relevant models are found to be small (±5%) in comparison with the analogous experimental results, which authenticates the calculated models.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.40-46
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• 1999

The sensors employed in the robotic are welding system must detect the changes in weld characteristics and produce the output that is in some way related to the change being detected. Such adaptive systems, which synchronise the robot arm and eyes using a primitive brain will form the basis for the development of robotic GMA(Gas Metal Arc) welding which increasingly higher levels of artificial intelligence. The objective of this paper is to realize the mapping characteristics of bead height through learning. After learning, the neural estimation can estimate the bead height desired from the learning mapping characteristic. The design parameters of the neural network estimator(the number of hidden layers and the number of nodes in a layer) are chosen from an estimation error analysis. A series of bead of bead-on-plate GMA welding experiments was carried out in order to verify the performance of the neural network estimator. The experimental results show that the proposed neural network estimator can predict the bead height with reasonable accuracy and guarantee the uniform weld quality.

• Journal of the Semiconductor & Display Technology
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.1-5
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• 2009

This investigation is applied Taguchi method and the analysis of variance(ANOVA) to the reactive ion etching(RIE) characteristics of $SiO_2$ film coated on a wafer with Experimental Analysis and Optimization of $CF_4/O_2$ Plasma Etching Process mixture. Plans of experiments via nine experimental runs are based on the orthogonal arrays. A $L_9$ orthogonal array was selected with factors and three levels. The three factors included etching time, RF power, gas mixture ratio. The etching rate of the film were measured as a function of those factors. In this study, the etching thickness mean and uniformity of thickness of the RIE are adopted as the quality targets of the RIE etching process. The partial factorial design of the Taguchi method provides an economical and systematic method for determining the applicable process parameters. The RIE are found to be the most significant factors in both the thickness mean and the uniformity of thickness for a RIE etching process.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.239-247
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• 2003

Two experiments were conducted with broilers to investigate the feasibility of microbial phytase replacing partial inorganic phosphorus supplementation and the synergistic effects of xylanase (320 FTU/kg) supplementation alone or in combination with phytase (750 U/kg) replacing 0.08% dietary inorganic phosphorus, on the growth performance and utilization of nutrients in broilers fed wheat-based diets. In Experiment 1, 540 broilers were fed five diets for 6 weeks. Diets C0 and C1 were corn-based diets and 0.08% inorganic P supplementation was replaced with 750 U phytase/kg feed in Diet C1. Diets W0, W1 and W2 were wheat-based diets supplemented with microbial phytase 0, 750, 750 U/kg feed and 0, 0.08% and 0.16% dietary inorganic P were replaced, respectively. In Experiment 2, 432 broilers were divided into four treatments to determine the synergistic effects of supplemental xylanase and phytase replacing 0.08% inorganic P. Four experimental diets were arranged according to a $2{\times}2$ factorial design. The results indicated that addition of phytase increased the digestibility of phytic P by 31.0 to 55%, dramatically decreased the excretion of phytic P and total P by 31.6 to 55.0% and 13.8 to 32.9%, respectively (p<0.01). It is feasible to completely replace 0.08% inorganic phosphorus supplementation with microbial phytase 750 U/kg in corn- or wheat-based diets for broilers. Addition of xylanase alone or in combination with phytase replacing 0.08% dietary inorganic P, increased body weight gain and feed utilization efficiency of broilers fed wheat-based diets (p<0.10) and decreased overall mortality (p<0.10). In the groups of birds supplementing xylanase 320 FTU/kg feed, a marked elevation of the dietary AME was observed (p<0.05). Addition of phytase replacing 0.08% dietary inorganic phosphorus, concurrently with xylanase supplementation had additive effects on the apparent digestibility of dietary phytic P and overall feed conversion ratio (p<0.05).

• Journal of Power System Engineering
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.51-57
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• 2016

Non-esterified biodiesel fuel is cheaper than esterified that because of a simple manufacturing process that only consists of filtering. Applicability of this on diesel engine with electronic control system was accomplished, then optimization adopting a fractional factorial design and response surface methodology was carried out at 25% and 50% of engine load in this study. Pressure of common rail and injection timing mainly effected on responses as specific fuel oil consumption and nitrogen oxides regardless of engine load. Estimations were 310.3 g/kWh of specific fuel oil consumption and 237 ppm of nitrogen oxides at 25% load, and 233.2 g/kWh of specific fuel oil consumption and 730 ppm of nitrogen oxides at 50% load. Tests to verify these estimations were accomplished and as the results, specific fuel oil consumption was 300.4 g/kWh and NOx was 277 ppm at 25% load and 236.8 g/kWh and 573 ppm at 50% load.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.9-18
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• 2010

In this study, Solid-phase micro-extraction (SPME) with Gas Chromatograph using Flame Ionization Detector (GC/FID) was studied as a possible alternative to liquid-liquid extraction for the analysis of Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) and Tertiary-butyl ether (TBA) in water and an optimization condition of trace analysis of MTBE and TBA using the design of experiment (DOE) was described. The aim of our research was to apply experimental design methodology in the optimization condition of trace analysis of fuel oxygenated compounds in soil-phase microextraction with GC/FID. The reactions of SPME were mathematically described as a function of parameters of Temp ($X_1$), Volume ($X_2$), Time ($X_3$) and Salt ($X_4$) being modeled by the use of the partial factorial designs, which was used for fitting 2nd order response surface models and was alternative to central composite designs. The model predicted agreed with the experimentally observed result ($Y_1$(MTBE, $R^2$ = 0.96, $Y_2$ (TBA, $R^2$ = 0.98)). The estimated ridge of the expected maximum responses and optimal conditions for MTBE and TBA were 278.13 and (Temp ($X_1$) = $48.40^{\circ}C$, Volume ($X_2$) = 73.04 mL, Time ($X_3$) = 11.51 min and Salt ($X_4$) = 12,50 mg/L), and 127.89 and (Temp ($X_1$) = $52.12^{\circ}C$, Volume ($X_2$) = 88.88mL, Time ($X_3$) = 65.40 min and Salt ($X_4$) = 12,50 mg/L), respectively.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.32 no.11
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• pp.1725-1733
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• 2019

Objective: Evaluate the partial replacement of soybean meal with different protein sources in piglet feed during the nursery phase in terms of digestibility of feed, nitrogen balance, growth performance and blood parameters. Methods: Experiment I involved 24 crossbred entire male pigs with an initial body weight (BW) of $18.28{\pm}0.7kg$ and used a randomized complete block design consisting of 3 treatments (fish meal, FM; soybean protein concentrate, SPC; and soybean meal, SBM) and 8 replicates, with 1 pig per experimental unit. Experiment II involved 1,843 crossbred male and female pigs with an initial BW of $6.79{\pm}0.90kg$ and was based on a completely randomized design with a $2{\times}3$ factorial arrangement (2 sexes and 3 protein sources) and 13 replicates. Results: The results of Exp. I indicate effects (p<0.05) of dietary protein sources on digestible protein (FM, 17.84%; SPC, 16.72%, and SBM, 18.13%) and on total nitrogen excretion (TNE, $g/kg\;BW^{0.75}/d$) in which pigs fed with SBM-based feed had TNE values that were 5.36% and 3.72% greater than SPC and FM, respectively. In the Exp. II, there was difference (p<0.01) between sexes in the pre-starter I and starter phases, and total period in average daily feed intake (ADFI), which were greater in females, and between the protein sources, ADFI, final weight and daily weight gain. For urea in the pre-starter II and starter phases and glucose in the pre-starter II phase, there was a difference (p<0.05) between protein sources and between sexes, in starter phase in urea concentrations (females: 57.11 mg/dL and males: 50.60 mg/dL). Conclusion: The use of SBM as only protein source influences larger TNE ($g/kg\;BW^{0.75}/d$), reduces the growth performance of piglets and increases plasma urea concentrations in prestarter II phase.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.143-148
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• 2009

This study was carried out to detennine the optimal submerged culture conditions for the growth increase of ginseng adventitious roots containing germanium by means of a fractional factorial design with four factors and three levels, using the response surface methodology (RSM). The ginseng (Panax ginseng CA. Meyer) adventitious roots were induced by plant growth regulators and cultured in a liquid SH medium. The effects of various $GeO_2$ and phosphoric acid ($H_3P0_4$) concentrations in the medium, $GeO_2$ addition time and the pH of the medium on the fresh weight of the ginseng adventitious roots were investigated. The optimum pH of the medium and the phosphoric acid concentration detennined by the partial differentiation of the model equation were 4.7 and 6.0 roM, respectively. The predicted optimal $GeO_2$ concentration was 10 ppm and the $GeO_2$ addition time did not affect the growth of ginseng adventitious roots. Under these conditions, the growth of the ginseng adventitious root containing germanium was predicted to be 2.47 g.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.22 no.12
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• pp.1676-1685
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• 2009

This trial was conducted to determine the effects of various feed additives on nutrient digestibility, performance and carcass traits of growing-finishing pigs fed diets containing wheat distiller' grains with solubles (WDGS). Seventy-two, individually fed pigs (19.7${\pm}$2.6 kg), were assigned to one of six dietary treatments in a 6${\times}$2 (treatment${\times}$sex) factorial design (N = 12). The control diet was based on wheat and soybean meal while the five experimental diets contained 20% WDGS during the growing period and 12% WDGS during the finishing period. One 20% WDGS diet was unsupplemented while the remaining diets were supplemented with either 0.1% threonine, 5% canola oil, 0.2% enzyme (0.1% Endofeed W containing 1,250 units/g of xylanase and 385 units/g of $\beta$-glucanase and 0.1% Vegpro containing 7,700 HUT/g protease and 75 CMC/g cellulase), or a combination of the three additives at the same levels as those fed separately. The digestibility of dry matter, crude protein and energy were all significantly higher in the control diet than the unsupplemented diet containing 20% WDGS. None of the feed additives improved nutrient digestibility. In addition, none of the additives had any significant effect on gain or feed intake during the growing (19.7 to 43.6) or finishing (43.6 to 114.3 kg) periods or overall (19.7 to 114.3 kg). During the growing period, feed conversion was significantly improved for pigs fed the combination of additives compared with the unsupplemented WDGS diet. During the finishing period and overall, feed conversion was significantly improved for pigs fed 5% canola oil alone or in combination with the other additives. None of the supplements had any effect on carcass traits. These results indicate that WDGS can be successfully used as a partial replacement for soybean meal in diets fed to growingfinishing pigs. However, due to its low energy content, there may be some merit in including high energy ingredients such as canola oil when diets containing WDGS are fed.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.43-51
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• 2017

The automatic welding systems, have received much attention in recent years, because they are highly suitable not only to increase the quality and productivity, but also to decrease manufacturing time and cost for a given product. Automatic welding work in semiconductor or space industry to be carried out in pipe line and butt joint mostly and plasma arc welding(PAW) is actively applied. To get the desired quality welds in automated welding system is challenging, a mathematical model is needed that has complete control over the relevant process parameters in order to obtain the required mechanical properties. However, In various industries the welding process mathematical model is not fully formulated for the process parameter and on the welding conditions, therefore only partial variables can be predicted. Therefore, this paper investigates the interaction between the welding parameters and mechanical properties for predicting the weld bead geometry by analyzing the S/N ratio.