• 대한수의학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.11-25
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• 1976

Studies on pathogenicities and developmental stages of Nosema apis (Zander, 1909) were carried out through artificial infection to Nosema free honey bees with various levels of spores isolated from local honey bee colony. The results obtained were summarized as follows: 1. The clinical symptoms were observed as dysentery, enteritis of mid-gut (enlargement and decoloration), crawling posture and shortening of the longevity of worker bees in the rearing honey bee colony inoculated with the spores. 2. Number of spores harvested from laboratory rearing honey bees were progresively increased to 4 weeks after inoculation. The regression equations and coefficients of correlations to various spore levels were as follows in each treatment colony. Colony 1. ($$1,000{\times}10^4spores/ml$$) $$y_{c1}=471{\times}10^{4}x+454{\times}10^4(r=0.65^*$$) Colony 2. ($$500{\times}10^4spores/ml$$) $$y_{c2}=340{\times}10^{4}x+207.8{\times}10^4(r=0.99^{**}$$) Colony 3. ($$100{\times}10^4spores/ml$$) $$y_{c3}=150{\times}10^{4}x+84.2{\times}10^4(r=0.99^{**}$$) Colony 4. ($$10{\times}10^4spores/ml$$) $$y_{c4}=13.8{\times}10^{4}x+13{\times}10^4(r=0.98^{**}$$) 3. Average longevity of worker bees artificially infected with Nosema apis was shortened as 21.7~43.8% compare to the control. (p<.05, p<.01) 4. The spores which were isolated from honey bee colony infected with Nosema disease were ovoid or spherical form, and measured, as a rule, from $4.7{\mu}m$ to $6.1{\mu}m$ (mean $5.3{\mu}m$) in length and from $2.4{\mu}m$ to $3.2{\mu}m$ (mean $2.9{\mu}m$) in width. 5. In the mid-gut of honey bees, the spore was progresively germinated and became trophozoite stage. The trophozoites were grown to meronts and their binary fission were begun. The divided two sporoblasts were developed to the spores which had elastic membrane. The new spores were shed in excreta of honey bees 10~15 day after inoculation at $25{\pm}2$ centigrade. 6. The ultrastructure of spore membrane consisted of three layers, such as, outer, middle and inner layer. The sporoplasm consisting lamellar structure occupied only anterior part of the spore and was often extended to posterior direction where definite vacuoles and a polar filament was able to detect.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.5-12
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• 1977

As a basic study for the application of the spore-tearing lactic acid bacteria to foods, the effects of the sporulating conditions on the growth and sporogenesis were studied were observed. The results obtained are as follow. 1. All carbohydrates added to sporulation media except dextrin decreased the sporulation rate and the thermal resistance of spores. Dextrin stimulated the growth, however, there in no effect on the thermal resistance. 2. As nitrogen source, the protein hydrolysates such as peptone, casamino acid were effective to obtain were spores of the increased thermal resistance. 3. Ca$\^$＋＋/, Mn$\^$＋＋/ of the metal ions added to casamino acid containing medium validly increased the total growth, sporulation rate and thermal resistance. Its optimum concentration was 40 ppm each. 4. Biotin of vitamines had an effect on the total growth, sporulation and thermal resistance of spores. Its optimum concentration was 30${\gamma}$/ml. 5. The resistant spores required the adequate maturation period, more than 36 hours, sufficient aeration. and optimum temperature, 37∼45$^{\circ}C$.

• 분석과학
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.262-267
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• 2013

중력 장-흐름 분획법 (GrFFF)은 외부장을 중력으로 사용하며 마이크론 크기의 입자들을 분리하고 그들의 특성을 분석하는 데에 유용한 기술이다. 본 연구에서는 느타리버섯 포자들을 크기에 따라 분리하고, 그들의 성장을 모니터 하기 위하여 GrFFF를 응용하였다. 느타리버섯의 포자는 부드러운 표면과 타원체의 모양을 가지는데, 크기는 장축이 약 $5{\sim}12{\mu}m$, 단축이 약 $3{\sim}4{\mu}m$의 범위에 있음을 광학현미경을 통하여 확인하였다. 느타리버섯 포자의 분리를 위한 최적유속을 찾기 위하여 0.5~1 mL/min 범위에서 GrFFF 채널 유속을 변화하였다. 또한 성장과정에 미치는 포자 크기의 영향을 알아보기 위하여 최적조건에서 얻은 GrFFF fractogram으로부터 3개의 fraction을 분획하여, 이들을 동일조건에서 30일간 배양하였다. 그 결과, GrFFF fractogram의 중간 부분에서 수집한 포자들, 즉, 중간크기를 가지는 포자들이 fractogram의 앞이나 뒤 부분에서 수집한 포자들보다 상대적으로 더 빨리 성장함을 확인하였다.

• Mycobiology
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.69-76
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• 2005

Conidial development of Cordyceps militaris was observed from germinating ascospores and vegetative hyphae through light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Ascospores were discharged from fresh specimens of C. militaris in sterile water as well as Sabouraud Dextrose agar plus Yeast Extract (SDAY) plates. We observed ascospore germination and conidial formation periodically. Under submerged condition in sterile water, most part-spores germinated unidirectionally and conidia were developed directly from the tips of germinating hyphae of part-spores within 36 h after ascospore discharge, showing microcyclic conidiation. First-formed conidia were cylindrical or clavate followed by globose and ellipsoidal ones. Germination of ascospores and conidial development were observed on SDAY agar by SEM. Slimy heads of conidia on variously arranged phialides, from solitary to whorl, developed 5 days after ascospore discharge. Besides, two distinct types of conidia, elongated pyriform or cylindrical and globose, were observed in the same slimy heads by SEM. Conidia were shown to be uninucleate with 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole staining. Conidiogenous cells were more slender than vegetative hyphae, having attenuated tips. Microcyclic conidiation, undifferentiated conidiogenous hyphae (phialides), polymorphic conidia and solitary, opposite to whorled type of phialidic arrangement are reported here as the characteristic features of asexual stage of C. militaris, which can be distinguished from other Cordyceps species.

• 한국균학회소식:학술대회논문집
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• 한국균학회 2014년도 춘계학술대회 및 임시총회
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• pp.49-49
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• 2014

South Korea is covered primarily by temperate vegetation; therefore, foliicolous lichens may not be expected to play an important role in its lichen flora. Indeed, more than 100 years after the first lichen record from South Korea reported by Hue, the paper "Pyrenocarpous lichens in Korea" published by Moon and Aptroot, reported on the presence of two foliicolous lichens, Strigula nemathora Mont, and S. smaragdula Fr., for the first time in South Korea. No detailed reports on foliicolous lichens have since been published in South Korea. In Japan, the neighboring country, approximately 83 foliicolous lichen species are distributed at the southernmost part under temperate to subtropical climatic conditions. However, a large number of foliicolous lichens, with many recent records, have been reported in neighboring countries like China and Taiwan. According to Thor et al., studies on foliicolous lichen flora of Asia are comparatively poor compared to those reported from America. There are six lichenogeographical regions: the Neotropics, Valdivia, Tethyan, African Paleotropics, eastern Paleotropics, and Neozelandic-Tasmanian, which are demarcated based on the known worldwide distribution pattern of foliicolous lichen flora. South Korea belongs to the eastern paleotropic region, where a higher number of local endemic foliicolous lichens have been reported. So far, there are a total of six known foliicolous lichen taxa from South Korea; S. concreta, S. macrocarpa, S. melanobapha, S. nemathora, S. smaragdula, and S. subelegans from Jeju Island. So far, the genus Strigula is the only known representative of the foliicolous lichen flora in South Korea. Among the recorded species, S. concreta, S. smaragdula, and S. subelegans are abundant and widespread. Japan, the closest area to Jeju Island, has the same distribution pattern of foliicolous lichens, with S. smaragdula, S. melanobapha, and S. subtilissima. Pollen studies conducted by Chung reported that changes in vegetation on Jeju Island, due mainly to deglacial warming and the influence of geographical change, resulted from sea-level rises. In general, all of the foliicolous lichens observed so far were restricted to the southernmost part of South Korea, particularly Jeju Island. Island might be influenced by its geographical setting. One reason could be the close dispersal distances of spores and vegetative propagules from areas such as the southern part of Japan and eastern part of China, where more foliicolous lichens can be found. Thor et al. also showed that the southern part of Japan harbors more foliicolous lichens than the northern part. Considering that China is close to Jeju Island, many foliicolous lichens, including S. concreta, S. macrocarpa, S. nemanthora, and S. smaragdula, have been reported from Yunnan province, the southernmost part of China. Geographically, this province is far away from Jeju Island. In other provinces, such as Shandong, Jiangsu, Shanghai, and Zhejiang, which are closer to Jeju Island, no foliicolous lichens have been recorded so far. Therefore, the chance of spores and propagules coming from such closer areas is questionable. Thus, the location of origin of ancestors of foliicolous lichens of South Korea and the time and means of their invasion of this island is controverisial. The current study would lead the way to finding answers to the above mentioned questions.

• 한국균학회소식:학술대회논문집
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• 한국균학회 2015년도 춘계학술대회 및 임시총회
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• pp.19-19
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• 2015

The term of Mushrooms means to spread like the April showers. After 18th century, the mycelium and spores of mushrooms were observed by microscope and then was denominated as fungi. About one hundred thousand species of mushrooms in appearance were worldly reported, and in Korea about four thousand species of mushrooms are estimated. In Korea, total of one thousand nine hundred one species of mushrooms have been recorded. Mushrooms belonging to the group of organisms called fungi, which must obtain their food from living plants or animals or from their remains after death. A large number of mushrooms grow in association with the roots of trees and other woody plants, called mycorrhizal fungi, both mushrooms and plants require this relationship for growth and development. And also many Mushrooms are saprobic, living on decayed various fallen leaves, twigs, trees and vegetable remains and etc. some of these million of spores settles on the proper habitat, these spores germinates and grows into a mass of threads, then a mycelium. This is the vegetable part of the mushrooms, what we call mushrooms are the carpophores, all the characteristics of the morphological features are appropriately used to identify species of mushrooms. Recently, identification and classification of mushrooms are newly confirmed by molecular analysis. In 2013, One thousand nine hundred one species of mushrooms in "List of Mushrooms in Korea" which published by the Korean Society of Mycology were recorded. Total of 238species, 107genera, 40families, 13orders, 6Classes belong to phylum Ascomycota. Total of 1,663species, 403genera 81families, 18orders, 7classes belong to phylum Basidiomycota.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제51권3호
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• pp.369-373
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• 2013

The present study was performed to trace the decisive evidence for mixed infection of 2 Myxobolus species, M. episquamalis and Myxobolus sp., in the gray mullet, Mugil cephalus, from Korean waters. Mullets with whitish cyst-like plasmodia on their scales were collected near a sewage plant in Yeosu, southern part of Korea, in 2009. The cysts were mainly located on scales and also found in the intestine. The spores from scales were oval in a frontal view, tapering anteriorly to a blunt apex, and measured $7.2{\mu}m$ (5.8-8.0) in length and $5.3{\mu}m$ (4.7-6.1) in width. Two polar capsules were pyriform and extended over the anterior half of the spore, measuring $3.5{\mu}m$ (2.3-4.8) in length and $2.0{\mu}m$ (1.5-2.2) in width. In contrast, the spores from the intestine were ellipsoidal, $10.4{\mu}m$ (9.0-11.9) in length and $8.4{\mu}m$ (7.3-10.1) in width. The polar capsules were pyriform but did not extend over the anterior half of the spore, $3.7{\mu}m$ (2.5-4.5) in length and $2.2{\mu}m$ (1.8-2.9) in width. The nucleotide sequences of the 18S rDNA gene of the 2 myxosporean spores from scales and intestine showed 88.1% identity to each other and 100% identity with M. episquamalis and 94.5% identity with M. spinacurvatura from mullet, respectively. By the above findings, it is first confirmed that mullets from the Korean water are infected with 2 myxosporean species, M. episquamalis and Myxobolus sp.

• 한국잠사곤충학회지
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.146-153
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• 1997

The microsporidian infection with Nosema bombycis, reconfirmed its high virulence and transovarial tranmissibility, however, the characteristic symptom of the spots like pepper grains on the diseased larval skin was no more recognized by present varieties of the silkworm. Transovarial transmission rate detected from moth was above 90% in dead eggs or dead larvae in the rearing by mulberry leaves, 80% in the newly hatched larvae starved to death. Transovarially transmitted N. bombycis was easily observed from dead eggs and larvae, and were suggested an individual inspection of a few of dead eggs for detection of the pathogenic spores. The progeny population provided indicative factors on the sampling of predictive and corrective inspection. The higher concentration of N. bombycis spores included in the hindabdormal part of infected moth, applicative on the simple method of indivisual moth inspection. For the predictive inspection of growned 5th-instar larvae, N. bombycis infection was detectable without microscopic observation by the unique symptom of turbid milky-white spots on the silk gland. Inspection of the meconia artificially discharged from silkworm moth, was also succesful of microscopic observation before crossing, without killing or homogenize the moths. The results provided a basis of rational methods for the inspection of N. bombycis infection of the silkworm.

• 한국해양학회지:바다
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.305-319
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• 2000

동해 북동쪽에 위치한 홋카이도섬 서부해역에서 채취된 중력시추코아 GH98-1223의 45개 퇴적물 시료들로부터 휴면포자를 제외한 총 31속 50종 1아종의 규조류가 동정되었다. 최대 산출종은 Thalassionema nitzschioides로 전시료에서 29${\sim}$59%의 높은 산출빈도를 나타냈으며, 그 외에 비교적 개체 보존이 양호한 Denticulopsis seminae와 Pseudoeunotia doliolus를 비롯한 대부분의 종들은 평균 산출빈도가 5% 이내로 매우 낮게 나타났다 전 시료에서 한류종의 산출빈도가 난류종보다 상대적으로 우세하였으며, 수직분포는 각 종의 생태적 특성에 따라 차이가 있으나 대부분의 층준에서 난류종과 한류종의 산출빈도는 서로 상반되는 경향을 보였다. 대표적인 한류종인 D. seminae와 난류종으로 쿠로시오해류(Kuroshio Current)의 지류인 대마난류(Tsushima Warm Current)의 지시종인 P doliolus의 전체적인 변화양상은 뚜렷하게 상반되며, 이것은 규조온도지수(T$_d$)의 수직적인 변화와도 서로 일치한다. 규조온도지수는 150 cm깊이를 기준으로 코아의 상부에서는 평균 이상의 높은 수치를 나타내며 하부에서는 평균 이하의 낮은 수치를 나타내는데, 이러한 경향은 동해의 북부지역에 위치한 본 연구지역에 대마난류의 영향이 홀로세의 후빙기를 거치면서 점차적으로 증가된 것을 지시하고 있다. 또한, 하층부에서 규조온도지수는 지그재그형의 변화를 나타내는데 이는 규조류가 서식하는 해수의 환경이 불안정하였다는 것을 의미한다. 생산성과 용승의 정도를 지시하는 Chaetoceros resting spores는 5.3${\sim}$40% 정도의 산출빈도를 보이는데 , 최대값은 80 cm 보다 상층부에서 나타났다. 퇴적물의 생물 기원물질의 상대적인 양을 예측하는데 이용되는 Chaetoceros resting spores/Chaetoceroe vegetative cells도 80 cm 보다 상층에서는 높게 나타나 규조온도지수 분포와도 일치하는 경향을 보인다. 이상의 규조군집 분석 결과에 의하면, 홀로세의 후빙기동안 본 연구 지역인 동해 북동부에는 대마 난류의 유입이후 현재와 유사한 환경이 우세하게 발달했으나, 난류종 P. doliolus의 변화는 동해내에서 대마난류의 세기가 반복되었음을 지시하고 있다.

• 한국균학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.85-88
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• 1986

동충하초 속에 속하는 균류로 여겨지는 40여 개체의 표본을 관찰한 결과 6종의 한국산 미기록종이 동정되었기에 보고하는 바이다. 미기록 종은 벌유충 동충하초(Cordyceps alboperitheciata), 파리 동충하초(Cordyceps discoideocapitata), 균핵 동충하초(Cordyceps intermedia), 검은 동충하초(Cordyceps nigrella), 붉은 동충하초(Cordyceps roseostromata), 딱정벌레 동충하초(Cordyceps scarabaeicola) 등이다. 여기에 인용된 표본은 서울대학교 미생물학과 표본실에 보관되어 있다.