• 공연문화연구
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• 제38호
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• pp.143-191
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• 2019

이 논문은 판소리의 발달 과정에 영향을 미친 역사적 요소 중 판소리의 '패트론'의 비중을 점검하고자 시도되었다. 문화예술의 향유계층인 동시에, 후원자로서 발달에 큰 영향을 미치는 존재인 패트론은, 서양 예술의 역사를 분석함에 있어서는 그 존재가 적극적으로 논의되어 왔다. 여러 장르의 예술에 있어서 패트론의 영향력은 언제나 중요하게 연구되었다. 판소리의 패트론은 좌상객으로 통칭되는 양반층이었는데, 판소리가 양반층 사이에 애호되면서 왕실 패트론도 생겨나게 된다. 흥선 대원군은 판소리 애호가로 유명했으며, 또한 판소리 명창의 패트론으로서 후원했다. 대원군은 통인청대사습을 통해 판소리를 후원함과 동시에, 판소리의 선발 과정에 개입함으로써 패트론으로서의 역할을 담당하게 된다. 그리고 운현궁을 중심으로 활동한 가객 안민영과 함께 판소리 명창으로 박유전을 후원하였다. 대원군이 아직 세도를 잡기 전 전주에서 머무를 때 전주의 토호였던 백진석에게 도움을 받았다. 대원군은 세도를 잡게 되면서 전주에 통인청대사습 운용에 관여 하였고, 백진석의 청을 들어서 전주에 판소리 감상용의 저택인 학인당(學忍堂)을 지을 수 있게 하였다. 대원군이 특히 후원했던 판소리 명창으로 박유전을 들 수 있다. 박유전은 대원군의 운현궁에서 좌상객들의 영향아래, 자신이 기존에 보유하고 있던 판소리의 텍스트와 음악을 변화시킨 것으로 보인다. 박유전은 순창출신의 명창으로 서편제의 비조로 불렸고, <심청가>와 <적벽가>로 이름을 날렸다. 그의 제자로는 이날치를 들 수 있고 초기 박유전의 소리는 이날치를 통하여 서편제로 전승되었다. 박유전이 한양으로 와서 운현궁에 머무르게 되면서 그가 이전에 가지고 있던 소리는 창곡과 사설에서 많은 변화를 가지게 된다. 그래서 박유전의 판소리는 이원성을 띠게 된다. 대원군은 박유전 판소리의 변화과정에서 크게 영향을 미친 인물이다. 박유전이 운현궁에서 다듬어 정제화한 판소리가 이른 바 강산제이다. 박유전이 한양으로 오기 전의 소리인 서편제와, 한양에서 다듬어 새롭게 완성한 강산제와는 완전히 구별될 수 있을 정도로 음악, 사설, 그리고 이념적 기반에서 차별화되어 있다. 그 변화의 모습을 동편제 및 서편제 <적벽가>와 강산제 <적벽가>의 비교분석을 통하여 살펴보았다. 강산제 <적벽가>는 사상적으로는 유교적인 이데올로기를 일관적으로 띠게 되며, 조조에 대한 야유와 비하의 수위가 동·서편제 적벽가에 비하여 훨씬 약화되어 있다. <삼국지연의>에서 장수들의 전투장면을 사설에 재인용하여 포함시킨 부분과, 한시의 적극적인 인용을 늘린 것 또한 양반좌상객의 취향에 부합하여 변화한 부분이다.

• Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.77-82
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• 2022

본 연구에서는 서울의 세 지점에서 이동 및 고정오염원이 대기질과 도시 공원 토양의 특성에 미치는 영향을 파악하고자 하였다. 조사 대상지로는 도시에서 질소 침적의 주요 발생원인 이동 및 고정오염원의 여부에 따라 서울시 마포구의 하늘공원 (Site_M), 서울시 강남구의 일원에코파크 (Site_G), 서울시 서초구의 양재시민의 숲 (Site_Y)을 선정하였고, 각 사이트별 교통량과 대기질 농도, 토양 분석 결과를 비교하였다. 교통량은 Site_G와 Y에 이어 Site_M에서 가장 많았다; Site_M과 G는 Site_Y보다 자원회수시설과 더 가까웠다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 PM과 NO₂ 농도가 Site_Y, G에서보다 Site_M에서 많을 것이며, 사이트마다 다른 대기 침적량에 의해 토양 질소 함량도 다를 것으로 예상했다. 예상과 동일하게 PM2.5와 NO₂ 농도는 Site_M과 G에서 높았지만 PM10 농도는 Site_Y에서 약간 높았다. 식물이 주로 흡수하는 무기질소의 형태인 NO₃^-의 함량은 세 사이트에서 유의한 차이가 보이지 않았고, NH₄⁺의 함량은 Site_Y에서 다른 두 지역에 비해 더 높았는데, 이는 대기 침적에 의한 결과라기 보다는 공원 관리 차원에서의 질소 비료 투입에 따른 영향인 것으로 생각된다. Site_Y에서 다른 사이트보다 낮은 pH를 보인 것 또한 과다한 비료 시용으로 인해 산성화가 일어난 것으로 생각된다. 그러나 토양 내 NH₄⁺ 함량이 상대적으로 적은 Site_M과 G를 포함한 모든 조사 대상지에서 식생이 건강하게 보이는 것으로 보아, 공원 관리에 있어서 과도한 비료 투입을 재고할 필요가 있음을 시사한다. 비록 이동 및 고정오염원으로 인해 대기의 PM, NO₂ 등의 농도가 달랐지만 그 영향이 토양의 질소 영양 상태에 직접적 영향을 미치지 않는 수준이었다.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.17-25
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• 2015

This study aimed to investigate the effects of silk fibroin on bone metabolism in ovariectomized rats. A total of 30 Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into sham-operated (SHAM), ovariectomized control (OVX), alendronate (OVX+ALEN, 10 mg/kg body weight/d), low silk fibroin (OVX+SF100, 100 mg/kg body weight/d), and high silk fibroin (OVX+SF300, 300 mg/kg body weight/d) groups. All the rats were fed by gavage for 12 wk. At the end of 12 wk, blood and urine were collected for analysis of bone turnover markers, and bone mineral density (BMD) was measured by micro-computed tomography. The results show that the OVX group (p < 0.05) displayed the highest mean body weight gain. Among the five groups, serum levels of bone alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and urine levels of deoxypyridinoline (DPD) were highest in the OVX group (p < 0.05). Bone ALP levels in the ALEN group were significantly lower than that of the silk-treated groups. On the other hand, DPD levels were not significantly different between the ALEN and silk-fibroin-treated groups (p < 0.05). The trabecular BMD was significantly higher in the ALEN and silk-treated groups compared to the OVX group (p < 0.05). In conclusion, this study showed that silk fibroin has similar effects as alendronate, which is used in osteoporosis medication. Therefore silk fibroin might be a new candidate for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis in patients.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제61권11호
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• pp.366-370
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• 2018

Purpose: Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the most important diseases that cause significant mortality and morbidity in young children. Data on TB transmission from an infected child are limited. Herein, we report a case of disseminated TB in a child and conducted a contact investigation among exposed individuals. Methods: A 4-year-old child without Bacille Calmette-$Gu{\acute{e}}rin$ vaccination was diagnosed as having culture-proven disseminated TB. The child initially presented with symptoms of inflammatory bowel disease, and nosocomial and kindergarten exposures were reported. The exposed individuals to the index case were divided into 3 groups, namely household, nosocomial, or kindergarten contacts. Evaluation was performed following the Korean guidelines for TB. Kindergarten contacts were further divided into close or casual contacts. Chest radiography and tuberculin skin test or interferon-gamma-releasing assay were performed for the contacts. Results: We examined 327 individuals (3 household, 10 nosocomial, and 314 kindergarten contacts), of whom 18 (5.5%), the brother of the index patient, and 17 kindergarten children were diagnosed as having latent TB infection (LTBI). LTBI diagnosis was more frequent in the children who had close kindergarten contact with the index case (17.1% vs. 4.4%, P=0.007). None of the cases had active TB. Conclusion: This is the first reported case of TB transmission among young children from a pediatric patient with disseminated TB in Korea. TB should be emphasized as a possible cause of chronic diarrhea and failure to thrive in children. A national TB control policy has been actively applied to identify Korean children with LTBI.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제72권3호
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• pp.293-301
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• 2012

Background: Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) requires prompt and appropriate treatment. Since methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a frequent pathogen in VAP, rapid identification of it, is pivotal. Our aim was to evaluate the utility of quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) as a useful method for etiologic diagnoses of MRSA pneumonia. Methods: We performed qPCR for mecA, S. aureus-specific femA-SA, and S. epidermidis-specific femA-SE genes from bronchoalveolar lavage or bronchial washing samples obtained from clinically-suspected VAP. Molecular identification of MRSA was based on the presence of the mecA and femA-SA gene, with the absence of the femA-SE gene. To compensate for the experimental and clinical conditions, we spiked an internal control in the course of DNA extraction. We estimated number of colony-forming units per mL (CFU/mL) of MRSA samples through a standard curve of a serially-diluted reference MRSA strain. We compared the threshold cycle (Ct) value with the microbiologic results of MRSA. Results: We obtained the mecA gene standard curve, which showed the detection limit of the mecA gene to be 100 fg, which corresponds to a copy number of 30. We chose cut-off Ct values of 27.94 (equivalent to $1{\times}10^4$ CFU/mL) and 21.78 (equivalent to $1{\times}10^5$ CFU/mL). The sensitivity and specificity of our assay were 88.9% and 88.9% respectively, when compared with quantitative cultures. Conclusion: Our results were valuable for diagnosing and identifying pathogens involved in VAP. We believe our modified qPCR is an appropriate tool for the rapid diagnosis of clinical pathogens regarding patients in the intensive care unit.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.85-92
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• 2011

Objectives : This study was designed to compare the effect between method of regulating ascending kidney water and descending heart fire and sweet bee venom pharmacopuncture on peripheral facial paralysis. Methods : We investigated 30 cases of patient with peripheral facial paralysis who visited at Dept. of Acupuncture & Moxibustion, of Oriental Medicine Dong-eui University from November 29, 2010 to May 15, 2011. Subjects were divided randomly into two groups, group A and group B. We applied method of regulating ascending kidney water and descending heart fire twice or three times a week for group A and sweet bee venom pharmacopuncture with same cycle for group B. We measured the effect of treatment to each group five times by using Yanagihara's unweighed grading system. at first examination, after 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, and 4 weeks. Results : Both groups showed significant improvement in Yanagihara's scores. And group A was improved better than group B for two weeks from the first examination significantly. But after one week from then, the Yanagihara's scores of group B were higher than those of group A significantly. There were no significant differences during other period. Conclusions : Method of regulating ascending kidney water and descending heart fire is more effective than sweet bee venom pharmacopuncture on peripheral facial paralysis during acute period. And after acute period, sweet bee venom pharmacopuncture is more effective than method of regulating ascending kidney water and descending heart fire.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.35-40
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• 2009

The objectives of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of the bacteria eliminated sperm by percoll gradient method on sperm quality and embryo cleavage in vitro in pig. The semen of miniature pig collected by gloved-hand method pre-warmed ($37^{\circ}C$) in thermos bottle, and separated by 65% percoll. Analysis of sperm ability was estimated by examining viability, capacitation and acrosome reaction using chlortetracycline (CTC) and the abnormality. Also, fertility of sperm was monitored with cleavage rate of embryo after IVF using separated and un-separated sperm by percoll. The result, viability of separated sperm was significantly(p<0.05) higher($83.6{\pm}$2.0 vs $59.0{\pm}4.4%$) than un-separated sperm. The results of CTC analysis showed the percentage of F- and B-patterned separated sperm was higher in separated that than un-separated sperm. On the contrary, the percentage of AR-patterned form unseparaed sperm was significantly(p<0.05) higher($13.6{\pm}0.8$ vs $8.1{\pm}0.6%$) than separated sperm. Also, abnormality of un-separated sperm was significantly(p<0.05) higher($2.2{\pm}0.4$ vs $16.8{\pm}2.8%$) than separated sperm. However, the cleavage rates of embryo using separated sperm by percoll and un-separated sperm had not significantly difference on 2 cell stage(9.25 vs 11.88%), 4 cell stage(26.76 vs 24.51%) and >4 cell stage(63.99 vs 63.61%) at 48h of IVF. Therefore, the sperm separated by percoll method showed improvement in sperm quality than un-separated sperm in miniature pig.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.103-109
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• 2000

열목어를 비롯한 산천어, 시마연어, 연어, 무지개송어 등 우리나라 연어아과 어류의 집단구조분석을 위한 기초자료를 얻기 위하여, 미토콘드리아 ribosomal RMA 유전자 영역의 염기서열변이를 비교${\cdot}$분석하였다. 미토콘드리아 DNA의 125 rRNA(945 bases, 열목어 의 경우 946 bases), Valine transfer RNA (72 bases), 및 16S rRNA(1513 bases) 등 3개의 유전자 영역에 걸쳐, 최대 2531 bases의 염기서열을 PCR/direct sequencing하여 얻었는데, 모든 염기변이중 전이가 월등히 우세하게 나타났으며, 종내${\cdot}$종간변이율은 모두 $0.5{\%}$이하로 낮게 나타나, 다른 영역에 비해 rRNA 유전자 영역에서의 염기서열이 매우 보존적임을 보여주었다. 또한, 미토콘드리아 rRNA 유전자 염기서열은 연어류의 속 (genus)단계 이상에서 집단분류표지인자로 유용하게 쓰일 수 있으리라 사료되어진다. 미토콘드리아 rRNA 염기서열자료를 기초로 구성된 phylogenetic tree를 통해 이들 종간의 진화적인 유연관계를 살펴본 결과, 시마연어가 무지개송어보다는 연어와 더 근연인 것으로 나타났으며, 열목어는 가장 유연이 먼 종임을 확인할 수 있었다.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.217-222
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• 2006

Atherosclerosis is considered as a chronic inflammatory process. However, the nature of the oxidant signaling that regulates monocyte adhesion and its underlying mechanism is poorly understood. We investigated the role of reactive oxygen species on the vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and monocyte adhesion in the cultured endothelial cells. $TNF-{\alpha}$ at a range of $1{\sim}30\;ng/ml$ induced VCAM-1 expression dose-dependently. BCECF-AM-labeled U937 cells firmly adhered on the surface of endothelial cells when the endothelial cells were incubated with $TNF-{\alpha}$ (15 ng/ml). Ten $\;{\mu}mol/L$ of SB203580, an inhibitor of p38 MAPK, significantly reduced $TNF-{\alpha}-induced$ VCAM-1 expression, compared to the JNK inhibitor ($40\;{\mu}mol/L$ of SP60015) or ERK inhibitor ($40\;{\mu}mol/L$ of U0126). Also, SB203580 significantly inhibited $TNF-{\alpha}-induced$ monocyte adhesion in HUVEC. Superoxide production was minimal in the basal condition, however, treatment of $TNF-{\alpha}$ induced superoxide production in the dihydroethidineloaded endothelial cells. Diphenyleneiodonium (DPI, $10\;{\mu}mol/L$), an inhibitor of NADPH oxidase, and rotenone $(1\;{\mu}mol/L)$, an inhibitor of mitochondrial complex I inhibited $TNF-{\alpha}-induced$ superoxide production, VCAM-1 expression and monocyte adhesion in the endothelial cells. Taken together, our data suggest that NADPH oxidase and mitochondrial ROS were involved in $TNF-{\alpha}-induced$ VCAM-1 and monocyte adhesion in the endothelial cells.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제35권11호
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• pp.3289-3293
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• 2014

Femtosecond laser ablation (fs LA) was used in this study to identify pollution by heavy metals and the distribution of elemental nutrients at different rice milling ratios. Polished rice (degrees of milling of 3, 5, 7, 9, and 11) was collected from major Korean supermarkets and one sample thereof was selected. An internal quality control experiment was conducted using a rice flour certified reference material from the Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS CRM) for the evaluation of the efficacy. To assess the effectiveness of the analysis method, the reliability was validated using a food analysis performance assessment scheme (FAPAS), with chili powder serving as an external quality control. The results of the analysis of the inorganic elements Ti, Ca, Al, Fe and Mn in white and brown rice with degrees of milling of 3, 5, 7, 9 and 11 using ICP-MS, ICP-OES and AAS revealed contents of 0.40, 49.2, 2.43, 5.36 and 10.3 mg/kg in white rice and 0.59, 78.0, 7.52, 11.0 and 18.5 mg/kg in brown rice, respectively. Among the elements, there were remarkable differences in the measured contents. By comparing the contents of the elements at different degrees of milling, Ti, Co, As, Ca, Al, Cu, Fe, and Mn were determined to be distributed on the surface of the rice grains, whereas the contents of Cd and Pb increased toward the center of the rice grains, and Si was evenly distributed. After the quantitative analysis of rice samples polished to different degrees of milling, Ca and Al, which were contained in large amounts, and Si were analyzed with specificity by fs LA. The results show that Ca and Al were distributed in the rice husk (protective covering of rice) and Si was distributed in all parts of the rice.