• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.27-42
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to investigate causal relationships among parenting stress, social support, parenting efficacy, and mothers' parenting behaviors as a function of child's sex. The subjects were 419 boys and 414 girls in the 3rd grade of elementary schools in Inchon city, and their mothers. Conflict Tactics Scales (Straus, 1979), Parenting Stress Index (Abidin, 1990), and Parenting Sense of Competence (Gibaud-Wallston & Wandersman, 1978) were revised for use in this research. A modified version of the Social Support Scale (Pak, 1985) and Teamwork of Parenting Alliance Inventory (Abidin, 1988) were used. The data were analyzed with one way ANOVAS, Pearson's correlations, and covariance structural analysis by the LISREL 8.03 program. The results of this study were: (1) The more mothers felt parenting stress and the less they perceived social support and parenting efficacy. (2) The process leading to mothers' coercive parenting behaviors differed as a function of child's sex. For mothers of boys, parenting stress and social support had an indirect effect on coercive parenting behaviors through the mediation of parenting efficacy. For mothers of girls, however, parenting stress had a direct effect on coercive parenting behaviors.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.82-90
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• 2022

Purpose: The aim of this study was to examine the relationships among parenting role sharing, parenting stress, happiness, and parenting behavior of mothers with 6-year-old children. Methods: This study used data from the seventh Panel Study of Korean Children, which began collecting longitudinal data on a sample of newborn households nationwide in 2008 and will continue yearly until 2027. The participants were 1,560 mothers of children aged 6 years. We conducted statistical analyses using descriptive statistics, the t-test, analysis of variance, Pearson correlation coefficients, and stepwise multiple regression. Results: The mean age of the mothers was 36.8±3.7 years. The mothers' perceived parenting role sharing (r=.07, p=.007), parenting stress (r=-.54, p<.001), and happiness (r=.38, p<.001) were significantly correlated with warm parenting behavior. Stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that parenting stress (β=-.47, p<.001), happiness (β=.15, p<.001), and parenting role sharing (β=.11, p<.001) were significant predictors for warm parenting behavior by mothers. Conclusion: It is essential to reduce mothers' stress and increase their positive emotions (happiness). Fathers should actively share parenting roles in raising children to enhance mothers' warm parenting behavior.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.197-206
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of parenting on job satisfaction and psychological well-being in employed women, with moderating effects of marital stress. The present study was based on a sample of 258 full-time employed women aged 30-49 in dual-earner families. The effects of parenting experiences on job satisfaction and psychological well-being were examined separately for women with low and high marital stress. Both parenting rewards and costs were significantly associated with psychological well-being in women with high marital stress. For women with low marital stress, parenting rewards and costs did not predict psychological well-being. Among women with high marital stress, parenting rewards were positively associated with psychological well-being and parenting costs were negatively associated with psychological well-being. In contrast, only parenting costs were a good predictor of job satisfaction for women with high marital stress. In conclusion, the effects of parenting experiences on job satisfaction and psychological well-being were mediated by the level of marital stress in employed women.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.270-277
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• 2008

Purpose: Although Hemophilia is a relatively rare hereditary disease, and is treatable with blood products, the parenting stress and guilt of hemophilic patients and their mothers are always high. This study was done to assess the extent of parenting stress, guilt, parenting attitude and parenting satisfaction of mothers with a hemophilic child. Method: The participants in this study were 119 mothers with a hemophilic child who were registered members of the Korea Hemophilia Foundation, and 287 mothers with a healthy child. In order to measure the dimensions related to parenting stress, guilt, parenting attitude and parenting satisfaction, the Questionnaire on Parenting Stress Index, Maternal Guilt Scale, Parenting Attitude Scale & Parenting Satisfaction Scale were administered. We analysed the differences between mothers with a hemophilic child and a healthy child in the questionnaire scores using the SPSS program. Result: Parenting stress and guilt of mothers with a hemophilic child were higher than with a healthy child. Parenting attitude and parenting satisfaction of mothers with a hemophilic child were lower than with a healthy child. Conclusion: The results may help medical professionals understand mothers with a hemophilic child and give basic assistance to develop a nursing intervention by exploring possible ways to alleviate such parenting stress and guilt.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.31-44
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• 2003

The purpose of this study is to investigate the difference of maternal parenting stress through early childhood between urban(Seoul and Incheon) and rural area(Iksan and Kimpo). The subjects were 286 unemployed mothers who have less than 5-year-old children. The statistics used for this data were frequency, percentile, t-test, ANOVA, and multiple regression. The finding from the present study certainly suggested that mother's level of self-differentiation, marital satisfaction, father's parenting support turned out to a significant variables on maternal parenting stress. Results of the regression analysis that the etiologic model of this study was more proper to urban than rural area, and father's parenting support is the most effective variable in predicting maternal parenting stress in both area. Implications based on this study are as follows ; parenting education programs to encourage for father's parenting support with be developed, and various empirical studies about maternal parenting stress in with area will be needed.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.294-302
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• 2009

Purpose: This study was done to compare the level of parenting stress, entrapment, satisfaction of paternal support, and marital satisfaction between employed and non-employed mothers and to identify significant predictors for parenting stress. Methods: With a cross-sectional, correlational study design, a sample of study was consisted of 175 women who were employed or non-employed with preschool children through convenience sampling. Data were collected with a structured self-administered questionnaire and analyzed by $x^2$-test, t-test, Pearson's coefficients, and multiple regression analysis using SPSS program. Results: Results shows that the level of parenting stress of non-employed mothers was significant higher than that of employed mother. The parenting stress was negatively correlated to marital satisfaction and positively correlated to entrapment in both of them. Entrapment was significant predictors explaining parenting stress in both of them and level of maternal education and satisfaction of paternal support and was significant predictors explaining parenting stress of non-employed mothers. Conclusion: Entrapment was very important factors to management parenting stress of both employed and non-employed mothers. Especially, satisfaction of paternal support and marital satisfaction was very important factor to manage parenting stress of mothers.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.360-368
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• 2010

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between parenting behavior, parenting efficacy, adaptation stress and PTSD (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder) among mothers who have defected from North Korean. Methods: A descriptive study was conducted to illustrate the parenting behavior, parenting efficacy, adaptation stress and PTSD and report the relationships among them. Data were collected between August and November of 2009 in Hanawon and 105 mothers who met eligibility criteria participated in the study. Results: Ignorant/controlling parenting behavior of parenting showed the highest score in our study. The level of parenting efficacy was $2.72{\pm}0.36$ and adaptation stress level was $3.35{\pm}0.47$ showing perceived hostility the highest and homesickness the lowest. Participants with moderate to severe PTSD accounted for 79.5% of the mothers, and 75% of them reported symptoms for 3 months or more. Authoritative parenting behavior showed negative relationships with parenting efficacy, cultural crisis and fear, adaptation stress and PTSD. Conclusion: Mothers who have defected from showed negative parenting behaviors and high adaptation stress level and PTSD while parenting efficacy was high. These findings indicate that parenting intervention programs which can guide these mothers towards positive parenting behaviors need to be developed.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.111-119
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• 2011

Purpose: This study was done to build and test a theoretical model that could be used to explain and predict parenting behavior of mothers with preschool children. Methods: The participants were 298 mothers with preschool children. Data were analyzed using the SAS (Statistical Analysis System) and AMOS (Analysis of Moment Structures) programs. Results: Parenting stress showed a direct effect on parenting satisfaction. Parenting efficacy showed a direct effect on parenting behavior. Parenting stress showed an indirect effect on parenting behavior. Parenting efficacy was found to mediate the relationship between parenting stress and parenting behavior. Income and mother's perfectionism had an impact on parenting behavior. Conclusion: The outcomes of this study indicate the necessity of designing intervention programs that emphasize increasing parenting efficacy in order to increase positive parenting behavior.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.227-242
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to identify the reality of the demand for parent education by mothers of adolescents based on their knowledge of raising a child, related to parenting efficacy and parenting stress. Mothers of 207 middle school adolescents completed questionnaires. Instruments included scales on demand for parent education (Lee, 1995 and Byun, 1999), parenting efficacy (Gibaud-Wallston & Wandersman, 1978), and parenting stress (Kim, 2004 Abidin, 1990). Results showed mothers high in knowledge of parenting had higher parenting efficacy and less parenting stress mothers high in maternalanxiety expressed higher demand for parenting understanding and improvement and for their children's academic adjustment; and mothers with higher maternal parenting stress expressed higher demand for parenting education.

• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.103-119
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• 2017

Objective: This study investigated the relationships between preschoolers' difficult temperament, resilience, problematic behaviors, and maternal parenting stress. In addition, the research examined the moderating effects of resilience on the relationships between maternal parenting stress, preschoolers'difficult temperament and problematic behaviors Methods: The participants were 200 four to six year olds attending kindergartens and daycare centers in Seoul, Gyeonggi-do, or Gangwon-do. Mothers completed the questionaries to measure children's temperament, parenting stress, and problem behaviors. Children's resilience was assessed by teacher ratings. Results: Significant correlations were found among maternal parenting stress, preschoolers' difficult temperament and problematic behaviors. Moreover, resilience moderated the associations between difficult temperament and problematic behaviors but it did not moderate the relation between maternal parenting stress and problematic behaviors. Conclusion/Implications: The results suggest that it is necessary to provide comprehensive intervention to reduce maternal parenting stress and improve preschoolers'resilience in order to prevent their problematic behaviors.