• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.336-340
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• 1995

Impairment of erectile function, although normally a benign disorder, has a profound impact on the well-being of many men. Penile erection is produced by a complex series of events involving cognition, peripheral sensory input, central and peripheral autonomic nervous events and hormonal vascular events. The multiplicity of potential determinants identified suggest that impotence does not inexorably accompany age, but it is an arugmented significantly modifiable paraaging phenomena. A 53 year old male patients developed sudden impotence. The patients did not respond to intracavernous injection of papaverine. This patient was successfuly treated with 4 repeated stellate ganglion blocks.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.371-376
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• 1994

To reevaluate the clinical usefulness of erection penography for diffential diagnosis of impotence, we reviewed retrospectively the data of penography in 56 patients who were diagnosed as impotence by various diagnostic workup. Twelve normal males were studied as control group. Papaverine HCl 30mg was injected into the corpus cavernosum and simultaneously $^{99m}Tc$-HSA 20mCi was injected via an antecubital vein. After injection radioactivities in the penile area were detected for 30 minutes by gamma camera and time activity curve was displayed. We defined that transit time(TT) is the time to reach peak activity and erection persistent time(EPT) is the duration of time to maintain peak activity and venous index(VI) is the ratio of radioactivity($R_{30}/R_{max}$). The results were as follows. The TT of arteriogenic group($10.7{\pm}2.8min$) was significantly increased compared with those of control and venogenic groups(P<0.05, respectively). The EPT of venogenic group ($6.2{\pm}6.8min$) is significantly decreased compared with those of control and arteriogenic groups(P<0.05, respectively). The TT of psychogenic($15.2{\pm}5.5min$) is significantly increased compared with those of control and arteriogenic groups(P<0.05, respectively). In conclusion erection penography was very useful for the diagnosis of vascular and psychogenic impotence and for differentiation between arteriogenic and venogenic but it could not differentiate mixed type or neurogenic from vascular or psychogenic.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.12 no.2 s.20
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• pp.1-6
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• 1976

The effects of phenoxybenzamine and other related drugs were studied for their interaction with caerulein on gallbladder contraction in anesthetized animals and isolated gallbladder strips. Cholecystostomy and cystic duct ligation were made on anesthetized dog, cat and pig. Pressure changes of gallbladder were measured by a physiological pressure transducer connected to polygraph recorder. Isolated rabbit gallbladder strips were placed in a muscle chamber containing Locke-Ringer solution maintained at $38^{\circ}C$. The contractile responses were measured by a force-displacement transducer connected to polygraph recorder. Caerulein ($30{\sim}200$ ng/kg i.v.) produced marked contraction of gallbladder in situ and the cholecystokinetic potencies appear in decreasing order; dog, cat and pig. The response of caerulein was abolished by the large doses of phenoxybenzamine (15 mg/kg i.v.) but not affected with dibenamine, phentolamine or tolazoline. Cholecystokinetic effect of methacholine or barium chloride was also partially inhibited by phenoxybenzamine and the effect of caerulein was weakly inhibited intravenous injection of cyclophosphamide or papaverine. In isolated rabbit gallbladder strips, the response of contraction to caerulein were progressively inhibited by pretreatment of phenoxybenzamine along with time exposed. These results lead to the conclusion that phenoxytenzamine may inherently inhibit the contractile response of gallbladder to caerulein, and this effect was not related with ${\alpha}-adrenergic$ receptor blocking action.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.154-162
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• 1996

The effcets of adenosine 5'-triphosphate(ATP) were investigated on the uterine smooth muscle motility in the pig. The results were summarized as follows: 1. The effects of the porcine uterine smooth muscle and the contractile responses increased between the concentration of ATP $10^{-5}$ and $10^{-3}$ M with a dose-dependent manner. 2. The contractile response induced by ATP($10^{-4}$ M) was not blocked by pretreatment with cholinergic receptor blocker, atropine ($10^{-6}$ M) 3. The contractile response induced by ATP ($10^{-4}$ M) was not blocked by pretreatment with $\alpha$ -adrenergic receptor blocker, phentolamine(10$^{-6}$ M) and ${\beta}$-adrenergic blocker, propranolol ($10^{-6}$ M). 4. The contractile response induced by ATP($10^{-4}$ M) was not appeared in 4Ca^{++}$ -free medium. As the concentration of $Ca^{++}$ in $Ca^{++}$ -free medium was increased, the contractile response induced by ATP ($10^{-4}$ M) was enhenced but was completely inhibited by pretreatment with $Ca^{++}$ -channel blocker, papaverine($10^{-6}$ M) or verapamil($10^{-6}$ M). From these results, it was conclued that the effects of ATP were the contraction mediated by purinergic receptor in uterine smooth muscle of pig.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.27-35
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• 1981

Etomidoline is a new synthetic atropine-like drug. The present investigation aimed to study the combined effects of etomidoline and neofopam hydrochloride which has an analgesic and muscle relaxant activity, compared with the effects of each drugs. Acute toxicities (ID$_{50}$) in mouse were 132mg/Kg (p.o.) and 49mg/Kg (i.p.) when combination ratio of etomidoline and neofopam was 1:5 and 103 mg/Kg (p.o.) and 30mg/Kg (i.p.) with the ratio of 1:10. Etomidoline showed more potent anticholinergic effects than neofopam in the isolated rat intestine. Whereas, antibarium effects were twice as active with neofopam than with etomidoline. When etomidoline and neofopam were added in combination ratio of 1 : 5, papaverine-like avtivity was increased, but no changes of anticholinergic effect were observed. Analgesic effect was measured by the anti-writhing method of Whittle in mice. Both of the concurrent and single administration of etomidoline and nefopam reduced significantly the writhing number and the effect of the concurrent administration was more active than that of single, and 1 : 5 combination was slightly more potent than 1:10. Each drug or the combined drug was administered to mice and observed the change of the pupil size. Pupil sizes were increased with each drug and with combined drug, although there were no significant differences between the each group of drugs. However, those effects were less than that of atropine sulfate.e.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.351-361
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• 1989

The contraction of renal arterial strip by no.epineph.me (NE) or 40 mM $K^+$ were Significantly attenuated after histamine $(10^{-5}\;M)-induced$ contraction. The mechanisms of this phenomenon were investigated in the helical strips of isolated renal artery with the measurement of isometric tension. The arterial strip was immersed in the tris-buffered Tyrode's solution which was equilibrated with 100% $O_2\;at\;35^{\circ}C$. The contraction was induced by NE or 40 mM $K^+$ during the recovery from the histamine-induced contraction which lasted for 15 minutes. The contraction by NE was also attenuated in the $Ca^{2+}-free$ Tyrode's solution and the increase of contraction by addition of 2 mM $Ca^{2+}$ was attenuated as well. This attenuation phenomenon was not observed in the presence of low concentration $(3{\times}10^{-7}\;M)$ of histamine. This attenuation was not affected by destruction of endothelium, pretreatment with papaverine or propranolol. This attenuation was partially inhibited by pretreatment of ouabain or in low $K^+(0.5 mM)$ Tyrode's solution. But the attenuation in the $Ca^{2+}-free$ Tyrode's solution was not inhibited. Furthermore this attenuation was completely blocked by pretreatment of djphenhydramine $(H_1-receptor blocker)$ and potentiated by pretreatment of cimetidine $(H_2-receptor\;blocker)$. This attenuation Phenomenon was disappeared after recovery of 1 hour. From the above results, it is suggested that the attenuation phenomenon may be resulted partially from the activation of $Na^+-K^+$ exchange pump and partially from the depletion of intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ pool after the histamine-induced contraction mediated through $H_1-receptor$ function.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.19-24
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• 1989

To elucidate the physiological characteristics of histamine receptor of the isolated renal artery in dog, effects of various receptor blockers and $Ca^{{+}{+}}$ channel blockers on the contractile responses of histamine were investigated in the isolated renal artery of dog. The results were summarized as follows: 1. Histamine caused the contraction in the isolated renal artery of dog, and the contractile responses increased between the concentration of $5{\times}10^{-6}M$ and $10^{-2}M$ in dose-dependent manner. 2. The contractile response induced by histamine ($10^{-3}M$) was not blocked by pretreatment with atropine ($10^{-6}M$), phentolamine ($10^{-6}M$), propranolol ($10^{-6}M$) or cimetidine ($10^{-6}M$), but was completely blocked by pretreatment with pyrilamine ($10^{-6}M$). 3. The contractility induced by histamine ($10^{-3}M$) was decreased in the $Ca^{{+}{+}}$ free medium. 4. The contractile response induced by histamine ($10^{-3}M$) was markedly inhibited by pretreatment with papaverine ($5{\times}10^{-5}M$) or verapamil ($5{\times}10^{-5}M$). 5. After the pre-contraction induced by norepinephrine ($10^{-7}M$) or prostaglandin $F2{\alpha}$ ($5{\times}10^{-6}M$), the contractile response induced by the additional treatment of histamine ($10^{-3}M$) was markedly increased compared with that of histamine ($10^{-3}M$) alone.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.479-487
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• 2000

Several recent studies demonstrate that receptor-mediated cAMP (adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate) production evokes marked change in magnesium ($Mg^{2+}$) homeostasis. The effects of dimaprit or/and phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors on the $Mg^{2+}$ release from perfused guinea pig heart and collagenase-dispersed myocytes was studied to clarify an association of $H_2-histaminergic$ receptor-mediated $Mg^{2+}$ regulation with intracellular cAMP-degradation system. $Mg^{2+}$ efflux was stimulated in perfused hearts and myocytes by IBMX (3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine), a calmodulin-sensitive PDE inhibitor, but not by RO 20-1724(4-(3-butoxy-4-methoxybenzyl)-2-imidazolidinone) or papaverine, cAMP-specific PDE inhibitors. $Mg^{2+}$ efflux was also be induced by dimaprit, a H-2-agonist. $Mg^{2+}$ effluxes induced by dimaprit were augmented by the presence of the PDE inhibitors. The augmentation of dimaprit-induced $Mg^{2+}$ effluxes by the PDE inhibitors were inhibited by ranitidine, a $H_2-antagonist$, and imipramine, a $Na^{+}-Mg^{2+}$ exchange inhibitor, in perfused hearts and myocytes and were also inhibited by amiloride in perfused hearts. These results suggest that the $H_2$-stimulated $Mg^{2+}$ effluxes from guinea pig heart can be regulated by the cytosolic nonspecific-dependent PDE systems and that it is induced by the $Na^{+}-Mg^{2+}$ exchanger stimulation.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.29 no.8
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• pp.1113-1120
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• 2000

Objectives : Despite advance in the surgical treatment of the intracranial aneurysm, we have to be surgical complication. The aim of this report is to evaluate the complication and its management in intracranial aneurysm operation. Methods : We reviewed our exprience with interesting cases of surgical complication of intracranial aneurysm : 1) rebleeding, 2) intra-operative premature rupture, 3) missed aneurysm in angiography, 4) vasospasm. Results : The risk of rebleeding was not related to the patients' initial comdition, but all other intracranial complications occurred significantly more often in patients graded poor compared with patients in good clinical condition. Rebleeding before early surgery remains as major cause of unfavorable outcome. The causes of intraoperative premature ruptures were as follows : 1) dural opening and arachnoid opening(8.3%), 2) hematoma removal(12.5%), 3) brain retraction(16.7%) 4) aneurysm dissection(62.5%). The double suction technique and primary hemostasis using a small piece of cotton or temporary clip resulted in good outcome even in cases with premature rupture. The incidence of missed aneurysm in angiography occurred in 10%. The causes were as thrombosed aneurysm, vasospasm on feeder artery. The most common missed aneurysm is also the most common aneurysm(anterior communicating artery aneurysm). The repeated angiography were documented in missed aneurysm. Balloon angioplasty is superior topapaverine for treatment of proximal vessel vasospasm by viture of a more sustained effect on the vessel. Papaverine can be useful as an adjunct to ballon angioplasty and also for the treatment of distal vessels that are not accessible for ballon angioplasty. Conclusion : The minimization of the complications and active treatment can reduced the mortality and morbidity of ruptured aneurysm patients.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.49-54
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• 1998

$Mg^{2+}$ is an important regulator of many cardiac functions. However, regulation of intracellular $Mg^{2+}$ activity in the heart is not well characterized. To assess the effect of histamine $H_2$-receptor stimulation on intracellular $Mg^{2+}$ regulation, changes in extracellular $Mg^{2+}$ concentration were examined under a variety of conditions in perfused guinea pig hearts. $Mg^{2+}$ in the cardiac perfusate was measured by atomic absorbance spectrophotometry. The histamine ($10^{-6}$ M) inuced a marked $Mg^{2+}$ efflux from the heart. The $H_2$-receptor antagonists, cimetidine ($10^{-6}$ M), ranitidined ($10^{-5}$ M), but not a H1-receptor antagonist, diphenhydramine ($3{\times}10^{-6}$ M), completely blocked the histamine-induced $Mg^{2+}$ efflux. The $Mg^{2+}$ efflux could also be induced by forskolin ($3{\times}10^{-6}$ M), 8-Cl-cAMP ($2{\times}10^{-4}$ M), permeable cAMP analogue, or dimaprit, ($10^{-5}$ M). However, the carbachol ($10^{-5}$ M) considerably decreased the efflux of $Mg^{2+}$. In the presence of papaverine ($10^{-5}$ M), a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, dimaprit-induced $Mg^{2+}$ efflux was potentiated. These results suggest that a significant $Mg^{2+}$ efflux from perfused guinea pig heart by histamine can be induced by the histamine $H_2$-receptor stimulation and it is suggested that cytosolic cAMP may be linked.