• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.19-24
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• 1986

Effects of temperature, pH, light-and-dark and degree of oxygen supply on germination of Papaver somniferum L. seeds were investigated. The optimum temperature of the germination was 2$0^{\circ}C$, but the germination was decreased as temperatures changed to the upper and lower. The largest elongation of both radicle and hypocotyl also occurred at 2$0^{\circ}C$. The best germination occurred at pH 7 but this decreased suddenly the above and below of that pH value. Although no effect of light-and-dark on the germination was, this was restricted under limited. oxyten supply in terms of underwater germination as compared with abovewater one.

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2003.04a
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• pp.298-299
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• 2003

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.348.3-349
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• 2002

(－)-${\alpha}$-narcotine( 1 R.9S) is one of the major bases in Papaver somniferum L.. the sourse plant for opium. while (－)-${\beta}$-narcotine(1R.9R) is a synthetic phthalideisoquinoline alkaloid. Although some advanced methods for the preparation of $\alpha$-narcotine have been developed using modified Bischler-Napieralski cyclization. the facile synthesis of $\beta$-narcotine has not further been attempted. supposingly because of its no clinical efficacy contrary to $\alpha$-narcotine having an antitussive effect. (omitted)

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.67-75
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• 2009

Objectives : This study was performed to developing orally administered analgesics and locally injected pharmacopuncture analgesics like opioids. Methods : Literary investigation on the origin of poppy (Papaver somniferum L) and other narcotics was conducted to examine the potential of developing orally administered analgesics and locally injected pharmacopuncture analgesics. Opium is a gum-like mass derived from air-dried white fluid of immature fruit of the poppy. Opium contains approximately 20 types of alkaloids including morphine, codeine, thebaine, papaverine and others. Natural opioids and synthetic alkaloid derivatives are the constituents of opioid analgesics and their effects and side-effects depend on the peculiarities of receptors. An extreme caution is required in the selection of proper dosage, proper analgesic types, and indications for successful pain management. Results and Discussion : With the enactment of "Narcotic control protocol", herbs such as cannibis and poppy are no longer available for use by Korean medicine doctors, and these doctors are faced with difficulty in managing severe pain in the clinical environment. A systematic consideration is inevitable for overcoming the limitation on these analgesics.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.145-151
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• 2006

Two naturalized allien species are reported from Jeju Island: Papaver setigerium collected from the ground along the road in lowland Veronica serpyllifolia collected from the roadside and ranches on alt. 400-800 m. P. setigerium is similar to P. somniferum, but different from the latter by plant height of 30-70 cm, shorter discoid stigma than fruit in diameter, somewhat sparsely bristly on stems, leaves and calyxes. V. serpyllifolia is similar to V. tenella in morphology, but different from the latter by short plant height, petiolated leaves on lower stem and serrated leaf margins.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Plant Biotechnology Conference
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• 2005.11a
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• pp.361-366
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• 2005

Opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) is one of the most important medicinal plants, which is used as a sole commercial source of narcotic analgesic, morphine. The transformant of opium poppy we have established by infection of Rhizobium rhizogenes (formerly Agrobacterium rhizogenes) strain MAFF03-01724 showed aberrant morphology and altered opium alkaloid composition. The major alkaloid produced by this transformant was thebaine (16.3%, opium dry weight) instead of morphine. It is likely that this 'thebaine poppy' phenotype was caused by the integration of T-DNA(s) into the poppy genome DNA, and their inserted loci are of great interest. To gain an insight into the mechanism of nonnarcotic thebaine accumulation for the further approach toward the creation of 'codeine poppy' which produces codeine as a major alkaloid, the genetical and morphological analyses on the transformant was carried out. Here we report the results of the detailed analysis on the T-DNA inserted loci of T0 transfromant and the correlation between opium alkaloid composition and segregated T-DNA integration pattern in the self-pollinated T1 transformants.