• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.1289-1293
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• 2015

Background: Anal intraepithelial lesions (AIL) are likely to represent a precursor for anal cancer. Women infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) may be at higher risk of anal cancer but a screening program for AIL still is not routinely recommended. We here studied the relationship of dysplastic cells from cervical and anal cytology in HIV-infected women. Materials and Methods: This prospective study was conducted in Prapokklao Hospital, Thailand during 2013-2014. Five hundred and ninety nine HIV-infected women were recruited. Participants who had cytological reports of equally or over "abnormal squamous/glandular cells of undetermined significance" (ASC-US) were classified as abnormal cervical or anal cytology. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression analysis were used to evaluate correlations between groups. Results: HIV-infected women with abnormal cervical cytology had 3.8 times more risk (adjusted odd ratio 3.846, 95% confidence interval 1.247-11.862, p-value. 019) for abnormal anal cytology. The major problem of the anal Pap test in this study was the inadequacy of the collected specimens for evaluation (34.4%, 206/599). Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and accuracy of cervical and anal Pap tests were 93.9/12.0, 87.3/96.9, 39.7/21.4, 99.4/94.1 and 88.1/91.4 percent, respectively. Conclusions: Abnormal cervical cytology in HIV-infected women indicates elevated risk for abnormal anal cytology. The sensitivity of the anal Pap test for detection of AIL 2/3 in HIV-infected women was quite low while specificity was excellent. Inadequacy of specimen collection for evaluation was a major limitation. Improvement of sample collection is recommended for future investigations.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.11
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• pp.6389-6392
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• 2013

Background: Cervical cancer is one of the ten most frequent cancers in Turkey. We here examined knowledge about cervical cancer in relation to Papanicolaou (Pap) testing among female primary health care workers in Hatay, a city is located in the south of Turkey. Materials and Methods: The study was completed on 261 women healthcare workers who were or had been sexually active and who accepted to participate to the study. The participants gave verbal informed consent and thereafter questionnaires prepared by the investigators were administered by personal interview. Results: Only 30.3% (n=79) of the participants regularly had a gynecologic examination. While 87.4% (n=228) of the participants reported that they had already heard about the Pap smear test, only 45.2% (n=118) had undergone this test. It was determined that had undergone an average of $1.66{\pm}0.89$ times (1-4) within the last five years. Some 56.0% (n=117) of the participants were well informed about the Pap smear test (p<0,001) and 81.1% (n=63) of the participants who regularly had gynecological examinations (p<0,001) had this test. Conclusions: For the early diagnosis of the cervical cancer, regularly having a Pap smear test is crucial. Healthcare workers should also demonstrate sensitivity about this issue. We think that the importance of the issue should be re-highlighted by organizing in-service training for female primary healthcare workers. Studies are warranted to determine the psychosociological factors that cause individuals to not have the test.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.2411-2414
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• 2016

Purpose: To determine the incidence of high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN2-3) among patients with atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASC-US) Papanicolaou (Pap) smears. Materials and Methods: One-hundred and eighty-seven patients with ASC-US Pap smears who underwent colposcopy with histological study were enrolled between September 2007 and August 2015. Patient factors (including age, parity, current pills used, HIV status, age at first sexual intercourse and number of sexual partners) were obtained. Logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate clinical factors associated with CIN2-3. Results: CIN was diagnosed in 92 of 187 women (49.2%). Sixty-one of these (32.6%) had CIN1 and 31 (16.6%) had CIN2-3. There was no woman who had invasive cancer. There was no correlation of high-grade CIN with factors in this study including age, parity, current pills used, HIV status, age at first sexual intercourse and number of sexual partners. Conclusions: Data from this study showed no invasive cervical cancer was found in patients with ASC-US. There was no patient factor associated with high grade intraepithelial neoplasia in patients with ASC-US Pap smears.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.122-127
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• 2007

This study is a report about a specific patient whose primary stomach adenocarcinoma metastasized to uterine cervix adenocarcinoma. A thirty-nine year old female patient was initially diagnosed as having metastatic adenocarcinoma in the supraclavicular lymph node. Upon further examination, she was diagnosed with stomach adenocarcinoma. 8 months later, a cervix punch biopsy was performed. The stains used for examination were H&E stain, PAS stain, Alcian blue stain, Mucicarmine stain, Papanicolaou's (Pap.) stain, and as immunohistochemical stains, cytokeratin 7 and 20 were done. In the H&E stain, the tumor cells showed prominent and eccentric nuclei, thin nuclear membrane in abundant mucous cytoplasm, and cylinder shape. In the PAS stain, intracytoplasmic mucin vacuoles were stained with pink, and in Alcian blue and Mucicarmine stains, intracytoplasmic mucin vacuoles were stained with blue and red. As in the above results, she was diagnosed with undifferentiated adenocarcinoma. As found on the cytologic smear preparation of the uterine cervix stained by Papanicolaou's stains, the background was relatively clear, the number of malignant cells was relatively low, and large and eccentric nuclei in abundant cytoplasm were observed. Upon observing the tissue preparation of the uterine cervix biopsy by H&E stain, a clear background, large and eccentric nuclei, and a signet ring cell types were observed, and the number of malignant cells were fewer than in the primary uterine cervix adenocarcinoma. The vacuoles in cytoplasm were observed. The nuclear membrane and chromatin were thick and very rough, and upon observation by cytokeratin 7 and 20 of immunohistochemical stain, the tumor cells indicated a positive rate of 70% and 20%, respectively. According to these results, also she was diagnosed with metastasized uterine cervix adenocarcinoma. In summary of the results of pathologic findings on stomach biopsy and cytologic, histopathologic, and immunohistochemical finding on uterine cervix biopsy, the adenocarcinoma of her uterine cervix could assert the adenocarcinoma of signet ring cell type that was metastasized from the primary undifferentiated adenocarcinoma in stomach.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.26-31
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• 2011

The genotypes of Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) are important in the carcinogenesis of uterine cervical cancer. Diagnosis of uterine cervical cancer screening has been executed using Papanicolau method (Pap) and HPV DNA Chip method. We researched the interrelation of HPV DNA genotypes in single and multiple infections and analyzed the results of Pap and HPV DNA Chip tests at Gunsan Medical Center (GMC). The correlation analysis was surveyed on collected results from 599 patients who have been tested with both Pap and HPV DNA chip tests from November 2004 to May 2010 at GMC. The inconsistency between Pap and HPV DNA Chip tests was 41.1%. The HPV DNA Chip genotype related with high risk cases were type 16 (13.5%), type 52 (10.5%), type 58 (10.1%), and type 18 (3.4%). Those related with low risk cases were type 70 (8.9%), type 6 (1.7%), type 40 (1.2%), type 11 (1.3%), and other types (14.3%). Among the 195 cases of HPV positive status, 161 cases were associated with single infection; 108 (67.1%) cases were related with high risk genotype; 19 (11.8%) cases were low risk genotype; 31 (21.1%) cases were related with other types. 29 cases were associated with double infections; 23 (79.3%) cases were high risks; 5 (17.2%) cases were mixed high and low risks; 1 (3.5%) case was low risk.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.300-308
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• 2000

Purpose :The aim of this study is to analysis of suwival and recurrence rates of the uterine cervical carcinoma patients whom received the radiation therapy respectively. The prognostic factors, such as Papanicolaou (Pap) smear, carcinoembriogenic antigen (CEA) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) antigen has been studied. Methods and Materials : From January 1981 to December 1998, eight-hundred twenty-seven uterine carvical cancer patients were treat with radiation therapy. All of the patients were divided into two groups : the radiation therapy only (S2l patients) group and the postoperative radiation therapy (326 patients) group. The age, treatment modality, clinical stage, histopathology, recurrence, follow-up Pap smears, CEA and SCC antigen were used as parameters for the evaluation. The prognostic factors such as survival and recurrence rates were peformed with the Kaplan-Meier method and the Cox hazard model, respectively. Median rollow-up was 38.6 months. Results :On the radiation therapy only group, 314 patients (60$\%$) achieved complete response (CR), 47 patients (9$\%$) showed local recurrence (LR), 78 patients (15$\%$) developed distant metastasis (DM). On the Postoperative radiation therapy group, showed 276 Patients (85$\%$) CR, 8 Patients (2$\%$) LR, 37 Patients (11$\%$) DM. The 5-year survival and recurrence rates was evaluated for all parameters. The statistically significant factors for the survival rate in univariate analysis were clinical stage (p=0.0001), treatment modality (p=0.0010), recurrence (p=0.0001), Pap smear (p=0.0329), CEA (p=0.0001) and SCC antigen (p=0.0001). Conclusion: This study indicated that after treatment, the follow-up studies of Pap smear, CEA and SCC antigen were significant parameter and prediction factors for the survival and recurrence of the uterine cervical carcinoma.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.2501-2505
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• 2015

Purpose: The present study was carried out to measure knowledge level and behavior of family health personnel (FHP) in Izmir on early diagnosis of breast and cervical cancers. Materials and Methods: The study population of this cross-sectional study was not selected. A questionnaire was applied to all FHP to measure knowledge level and behavior about cancer. The participation rate was 88%. Breast examination, mammography analysis, Papanicolaou smear applications were determined as dependent variables, and knowledge level about breast and cervical cancer, age, professional time as FHP as independent variables. Data were evaluated using definitive statistics, chi-square and logistic regression tests in SPSS software package for Windows 15.0. Results: A total of 970 family health personnel participated in the research. The age range was 20-45 years (82.4%). Mean age was $37.9{\pm}7.4$. Response rate was 87.3%. Of the participants, 88.4% performed breast self-examination. Rate of performing mammography at least once was 24.1%. Rate of performing Pap-smear examination at least once was 61.0%. In logistic regression analyses, it was determined that people with knowledge on breast and cervical cancer were those performing breast self-examination, mammography and Pap-smear examinations (p<0.05. Conclusions: It is essential that the knowledge, behavior and manners of health providers on early diagnosis for cancer increases awareness in the general population and provides information on execution ofthe most effective methods for generating a healthy society.

• The Korean Journal of Cytopathology
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.1-5
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• 1999

To evaluate whether different qualifications of a cytologic diagnosis of "atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance(ASCUS)" predict a greater or lesser likelihood of tissue diagnosis of uterine cervix, we compared different cytologic qualifications of ASCUS with the tissue diagnosis. One hundred twenty-two consecutive Papanicolaou smears showing ASCUS in women who had undergone cervical biopsy within nearest 30 days were collected. The 122 smears were qualified as "favor reactive"(25%), "favor low grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL)"(24%), "favor squamous intraepithelial lesion(SIL)"(16%), "favor high grade squamous intraepithelial lesion(HSIL)"(16%), and "not otherwise specified"(19%). Squamous intraepithelial or invasive lesion was pathologically confirmed by cervical biopsy in 13%, of the "favor reactive", 27% in "favor LSIL", 70% in "favor SIL", 75%, in "favor HSIL", and 35% in "not otherwise specified" smears. There were significant associations between the favor reactive smear and the benign biopsy finding and between the favor SIL smear and the biopsy shewing a squamous intraepithelial or more severe lesion. Nevertheless, most of favor LSIL smears exhibit reactive process in tissue biopsy. Conclusively, qualified ASCUS stratifies women Into different risk groups for SIL. The cytopathologist should make the cytologic diagnosis of "ASCUS, favor LSIL" circumspectly.

• The Korean Journal of Cytopathology
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.98-104
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• 1991

We present the cytologic features of small ceil neuroendocrine carcinoma of the liver metastasized from the uterine cervix. Cytologically, tumor cells were arranged in a pattern of solid sheet in necrotic background. The tumor cells were characterized by uniform, small cells, round hyperchromatic nuclei, and high nuclear cytoplasmic ratio. The smears showed frequent mitotic figures and rosette formation. These findings were identified with the previous histologic sections of uterine cervix. To make a diagnosis of metastatic small ceil neuroendocrine carcinoma on the Papanicolaou smear, a high index of suspicion and careful review of clinical history are needed.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.165-178
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• 1998

The purpose of this explanatory study was to provide baseline information on the secondary prevention health behavior of cervical cancer in Korea which was related to the utilization of the Papanicolaou (Pap) smear screening test. The secondary data from the 1992 Korean Health Behavior Survey was used for analysis in order to determine sociodemographic profiles and the predictor variables. The sample analyzed for this study contained 1,489 Korean women residing in Korea aged 20-59 selected by multi-stage sampling method from the 1990 Korean census. Univariate, bivariate, and logistic regression analysis were performed to produce the findings of this study. Only 27.9% of the study sample had had a Pap test in 1992. It was found that the relative sociodemographic profiles of the Pap test between users and non-users were distinctive. The predictors variables were age, marital status, educational status, usual source of care, perceived household economic status, health check-up, and presence of chronic diseases