• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.55-61
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• 2014

Panax ginseng is a medicinal herb that is used worldwide. Its medicinal effects are primarily attributable to ginsenosides located in the root, leaf, seed, and flower. The flower buds of Panax ginseng (FBPG) are rich in various bioactive ginsenosides, which exert immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory activities. The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of 18 ginsenosides isolated from steamed FBPG on the transcriptional activity of NF-${\kappa}B$ and the expression of tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$)-stimulated target genes in liver-derived cell lines. Noticeably, the ginsenosides $Rk_3$ and $Rs_4$ exerted the strongest activity, inhibiting NF-${\kappa}B$ in a dose-dependent manner. SF and $Rg_6$ also showed moderately inhibitory effects. Furthermore, these four compounds inhibited the TNF-${\alpha}$-induced expression of IL8, CXCL1, iNOS, and ICAM1 genes. Consequently, ginsenosides purified from steamed FBPG have therapeutic potential in TNF-${\alpha}$-mediated diseases such as chronic hepatic inflammation.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제108권4호
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• pp.522-530
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• 2019

Two edible plants, Allium victorialis var. platyphyllum and Ligularia stenocephala, and one medicinal plant, Panax ginseng, were cultivated in the understory of an artificial Larix kaempferi plantation for ten years. Growth characteristics (number of leaves and flower stalks per plant, and leaf length and width), survival rate, and yield (fresh weight of plants) per unit area (1 ㎡) were investigated one year after planting, and six and ten years following cultivation. P. ginseng and L. stenocephala survived at a high percentage for two years after planting. Results showed that P. ginseng had longer and thicker roots when aged; however, a large number of plants died and the yield was low. In contrast, almost half of A. victorialis var. platyphyllum died within two years of planting. The surviving plants grew well for ten years and the yield was increased. The leaf length and width of L. stenocephala increased; however, the survival rate and the number of leaves per plant decreased as the period of cultivation was extended. In contrast, A. victorialis var. platyphyllum survived at a lower rate (50%) than the two other crops (98% for L. stenocephala and 83% for P. ginseng) during the early cultivation period, with little change in the survival rate over an extended time; however, the yields increased. This species showed an increase in the number of flower stalks and leaves, and as a result, the larger leaves increased the yield. We evaluated the understory cultivation of three crops in a L. kaempferi plantation under natural conditions, with no irrigation or fertilization, and Allium victorialis var. platyphyllum showed the greatest growth potential among the three tested crops.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.24-31
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• 1987

We studied a assay method on the measurement of superoxide dismutase (SOD Superoxide : superoxide oxidoreductase, EC. 1. 15. 1. 1) activity with photoreduced flavin and nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) as superoxide (${O_2}^{-}$) source and detector, respectively. The $\Delta$E (1000 ng SOD$.$$min.)^{-1}$ of photoreduced flavin-NBT system was 0.08, whereas that of xanthine-xanthine-cytochrome system used broadly in experiments was 0.014. Therefore, the new method was regarded more simple and utilizable than xanthine-xanthine cytochrome system method. In the present paper, we also carried out to investigate the SOD activity and isozyme pattern for the parpose of study of leaf-burning disease in ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) leaves.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.281-286
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• 1995

This experiment was conducted to obtain the basic information on new- and latent-bud formation, and stem vestige arrangement on the rhizome of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer. Latent buds emerged from meristematic region between shoot and root of the embryo, and new buds for the next year were distributed both at the bottom portion of the stem and the rhizome. In the new buds, organs such as leaf, stem, and flower bud were already completely differentiated, while the latent bud had an undifferentiated meristematic tissue arranged linearly in a vertical line, indicating that each year new- and latent-buds are formed successively. This result suggests that the number of stem vestige may be used for the determination of ginseng age. Key words Rhizome, new-bud, latent-bud, histology, morphology, stem vestige, vestige arrangement.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.186-191
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• 1987

N, P, K 수준(水準)을 달리하여 양액재배(養液栽培)한 2년차(年次) 인삼(人蔘)에서 근중(根中) 각(各) ginsenoside 함량과 엽(葉) 및 근중(根中)의 N, P, K, Ca 및 Mg 함량과의 관계를 단순(單純) 다중(多重) 및 편상관(編相關)으로 조사하였다. K, N, P의 순으로 근(根)에서는 유의성(有意性)있는 부상관(負相關)을 보였으며 잎에서는 K는 정상관(正相關), N은 부상관(負相關)이고 P는 일정성(一定性)이 없었다. 엽(葉)과 근(根)의 K, N, 및 P의 비율도 이 순으로 근(根)의 ginsenosides다 유의정상관(有意正相關)을 보였다. Ca와 Mg은 어디서나 유의성은 없었으며 근(根)에서는 Ca는 정상관(正相關), Mg는 부상관(負相關)이고 잎에는 그 반대이다. 칼리 결제구는 잎의 칼리와 뿌리 ginsenosides와의 관계가 기타 처리구들의 경향에서 크게 벗어났으나 N와 P에서는 그렇지 아니하였다. Rd, Re및 $Rb_1$이 무기양분이 가장 영향을 받았다. PT/PD는 무기양분의 영향을 가장 적게 받았다.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제14권5호
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• pp.407-417
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• 2004

This study was conducted to investigate the application possibility of leaf and stem extract(LSE) extracted from the mixture of leaf and stem of ginseng radix(Panax ginseng CA. Meyer). This study measured the intake levels and efficiency ratio, growth rate, absorption ratio of carbohydrate, lipid and protein of rat by feeding with LSE during 6 weeks. We analyse the hematological and serum metabolic variables, serum lipid concentrations. Total diet and protein intake levels were low, but efficiency ratios were significantly high in LSE administered groups than the control group. Weight gain, liver and kidney weight of LSE groups were significantly higher than the control group. Blood RBC, Hct, Hb, total protein and albumin concentrations were reasonable levels in LSE administered groups compared to the basal diet group. Also serum total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglyceride contents of LSE groups were low, but HDL-cholesterol level was higher than the basal diet group. These results imply that leaf and stem of ginseng radix could be used as possible food resources, functional food material and feed stuff.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제36권5호
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• pp.459-480
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• 1991

인삼의 생리장해를 산지중심으로 증상별로 종합검토하였다. 뿌리의 장해는 적피, 은피, 동해, 동해, 근부, 안삼, 출아불재, 달래삼, 소수가 있고 지상부에는 황엽, 조기낙엽, 소엽, 지엽, 백반엽, 동해, 풍해와 경열이 있다. 적피와 황엽이 인삼생산에 가장 크게 영향한다. 농약해, 붕소과 잉해 및 산업공해에 의한 피해 경우도 보고되었다. 원료수삼 가공한 후의 품질요인에 관계되는 생리장해들도 검토하였다.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.32-37
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• 2014

To study the cause of physiological disorder in leaf of ginseng cultivated at paddy soil, the degree of brown-colored symptom (BCS) and the contents of inorganic matter in leaf were investigated by irrigating the solution of ferric and ferrous iron of 0.1 ~ 2.0%, and citric acid of 1.0 ~ 4.0% on bed soil, respectively. Ratio of BCS by variety was as high as 85.0% in Yoenpoong, while it was as low as 5.4%, 7.5% in Chunpoong and Hwangsook, respectively. The contents of inorganic matter of leaf in Yoenpoong were lower in $P_2O_5$, Ca, and Mg, while it were higher in K, Fe, and Mn than other variety. Iron solution caused BCS more distinctly when each ferric and ferrous iron were dissolved with 1.0% citric acid than when each iron was dissolved without citric acid. Ferric iron caused BCS more effectively than ferrous iron. BCS occurred in 4.0% citric acid was as same as 2.0% ferric iron mixed with 1.0% citric acid. Low $P_2O_5$ and high Fe content in leaf appeared in both of artificial and natural symptoms. We concluded that excessive Fe uptake caused BCS to leaf because the solubility of iron was increased in condition of low soil pH.

• 생약학회지
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• 제47권4호
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• pp.352-359
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is to develop a new preparation process of ginseng leaf and stem extracts having high concentrations of ginsenoside Rg2, Rg3, Rg5, Rh1, a special component of red and black ginseng. Chemical transformation from ginseng saponin glycosides to prosapogenin was analyzed by the HPLC. Extracts of ginseng (Panax ginseng) leaf and stem were processed under several treatment conditions including ultrasonication treatments. The content of total saponin reached their heights at 17 hr (UGL-17) of ultrasonication treatment, followed by 16 hr (UGL-16) and 7 hr (UGL-7) of ultrasonication treatment at $100^{\circ}C$. UGL-17 findings show that the ginseng leaf and stem that had been processed with ultrasonication for 17 hours peaked in the level of Rg2, Rg3 and Rh1. In addition, UGL-16 contained ginsenoside Rg5 at high concentrations. It is thought that such results provide basic information in preparing ginseng leaf and stem extracts with functionality enhanced.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.345-353
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• 2015

Background: Ginseng is a semishade perennial plant cultivated in sloping, sun-shaded areas in Korea. Recently, owing to air-environmental stress and various fungal diseases, greenhouse cultivation has been suggested as an alternative. However, the optimal light transmission rate (LTR) in the greenhouse has not been established. Methods: The effect of LTR on photosynthesis rate, growth, and ginsenoside content of ginseng was examined by growing ginseng at the greenhouse under 6%, 9%, 13%, and 17% of LTR. Results: The light-saturated net photosynthesis rate ($A_{sat}$) and stomatal conductance ($g_{s}$) of ginseng increased until the LTR reached 17% in the early stage of growth, whereas they dropped sharply owing to excessive leaf chlorosis at 17% LTR during the hottest summer period in August. Overall, 6-17% of LTR had no effect on the aerial part of plant length or diameter, whereas 17% and 13% of LRT induced the largest leaf area and the highest root weight, respectively. The total ginsenoside content of the ginseng leaves increased as the LTR increased, and the overall content of protopanaxatriol line ginsenosides was higher than that of protopanaxadiol line ginsenosides. The ginsenoside content of the ginseng roots also increased as the LTR increased, and the total ginsenoside content of ginseng grown at 17% LTR increased by 49.7% and 68.3% more than the ginseng grown at 6% LTR in August and final harvest, respectively. Conclusion: These results indicate that 13-17% of LTR should be recommended for greenhouse cultivation of ginseng.