• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2019.04a
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• pp.81-81
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• 2019

Ginseng seeds are one of short-lived seeds species which loose their viability easily in the condition of conventional storage. Cryopreservation using liquid nitrogen (LN) has been recommended as a alternative storage for this kind of germplasm short lived or dessiccation-sensitive. This study was performed to find out whether cryopreservation could affect physiological change such as enzyme activity induced by reactive oxygen species. In this work, the redox ratio of ascorbate and glutathione were examined onto ginseng seedlings before and after LN storage of seeds for 1 day using spectrophotometer method. Reduced ascorbate (ASA) was increased while oxidized ascorbate (DHA) was decreased slightly for both after 1d-LN storage. And for glutathione also, reduced form (GSH) was increased while oxidized form (GSSG) was decreased slightly for both after 1d-LN storage. Consequently total phenol compound and ion leakage after LN storage showed no significant differences. Additionally root growth from the seeds after LN storage was not affected by ultra low temperature. From the above results, we may suggest that cryopreservation could be recommended for storage tool of ginseng seeds even with low viability also and expected to make slower seed aging process during preservation period through further study.

• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 1984.09a
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• pp.257-275
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• 1984

Enzymatic browning is considered desirable in tea and tobacco processing but undesirable in many fruits processing at the present time. It is necessary to understand the nature of the enzyme, phenoloxidase, in order to control browning reactions, and extend its effects to formation of browning products as antioxidants in ginseng. Ginseng exhibits antioxidant activity when incorporated with turkey dark meat patties. The activity in red ginseng showed about two times stronger than white ginseng. One of the phenolic antioxidants from fresh, white and reprocessed white ginseng was identified as phenol 2.6 Bis(1.1 dimethyl ethyl) 4-methyl among several unknown compounds by GC/mass spectrometer. In red ginseng, no phenol 2.6 Bis (1.1 dimethyl ethyl) 4-methyl was detected, the compound may be polymerized by phenoloxidase and form some higher molecular compounds which may possess high antioxidant activity. Phenoloxidase isozymes in fresh Korean ginseng (panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) were extracted with phosphate buffer at pH 7.3. The isozymes were purified through ammonium sulfate fractionation, dialysis and chromatography on a DEAE-cellulose column. Two groups of phenoloxidase were shown to be present, one in the floating agglomerated group and the other in the precipitate. group from the 0.85 saturation ammonium sulfate. The DEAE-cellulose column chromatography, the phenoloxidase isozyme present in the precipitate appears as the first peak (I), and that in the agglomerate in the second peak (II). Isozyme I showed higher activity with catechin and catechal, and isozyme II showed higher activity with p-cresol. The isozyme showed two optimum pH activity one at pH 4.5 and the other at 8.5 with catechin as substrate. Korean ginseng phenoloxidase has high heat stability. When heated at $75^{\circ}C$ for 2 hours, its activity remained $90\%\;and\;80\%$ on phenoloxidase I and II respectively. Phenoloxidase I was most active on (+) catechin followed by p-cresal, catechol and epicatechin. Phenoloxidase II was most active on p-cresal followed by (+) catechin, catechol, p-coumanic acid and epicatechin. Sodium bisulfite, sodium cyanide, ascorbic acid glutachion in the oxidized form, sodium diethyl dithiocarbomate and ethylendiamine tetra acetate (EDTA) acted as inhibitors. Red ginseng color development was initiated by phenoloxidase and finished by a followed sun drying process. The antiaging activity of ginseng may be initiated by the antioxidant in the ginseng.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.15 no.11
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• pp.6774-6781
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• 2014

This study examined the efficacy and the mechanism of action of biological response modifiers, ginsenosides Rb1 and Rg1 isolated from Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer on human keratinocytes HaCaT cell lines. A non-significant cytotoxic response was obtained in the HaCaT cell lines on treatment with various concentrations of ginsenosides Rb1 and Rg1 for different time durations. Furthermore, the global changes in the mRNA profile of HaCaT cells were investigated using DNA microarrays after stimulation with the ginsenosides Rb1 and Rg1. Ginsenosides Rb1 and Rg1 strongly increased FGF2 in HaCaT cells, and were found to be a candidate gene for antioxidant activity and elasticity. Other key candidate genes for antioxidant activity, such as FANCD2, LEPR, and FAS, also show enhanced regulation in HaCaT cells treated with ginsenoside Rb1. This study will be useful for understanding the regulatory genes involved in skin elasticity and signal transduction pathway stimulated by the ginsenoside Rb1. This paper currently focuses on the key factors regulating the interaction of anti-aging principles and skin elasticity.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.102-113
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• 1998

This experiment used chlorophyll fluorescence techniques to assess the effect of irradiant during leaf development on photoinhibition of photosynthesis in Panax ginseng. Seedlings of p. ginseng were grown in the 91asshouse at four shade levels. The maximum mid-day irradiant in each treatment between emergence (January 4) and completion of the experiment (February 25) was 1220, 485, 235, 125 $\mu$mol/$\textrm{m}^2$/s. To assess the rapidity of photosynthetic readaptation to changes in light levels, fluorescence parameters (Fo, F, Fm, Fm', AF/Fm;, Fv/Fm) were measured for three days before and after transfer of plants (on February 21) from each light treatment into each of the other light treatments. Before transfer, dark adapted values of Fv/Fm in the 1220 (0.699) and 485 (0.739) treatments were different from each other and lower than values in the 235 (0.764) and 125 (0.768) treatments, indicating mild photoinhibition. Patterns of change in F during the day also differed between treatments, with low light treatments tracking irradiant levels, but F in the high light treatment (1220) declined in the morning, presumably due to fluorescence quenching. Although plants grown at high irradiant had relatively low photosynthetic efficiency, relative electron transport rate was greater than in lower irradiant treatments. After transfer, plants adopted the daily pattern of change in F of the treatment to which they were moved with little change in absolute levels of F, except in plants transferred from the highest (1220) to the lowest light level (125), where F increased over the course of the three days following transfer. After plants were transferred, Fm' converged on values similar to those in plants raised in the treatments to which they were moved. Values of Fv/Fm in plants moved from low to high light declined dramatically, but there was no decline in plants from 485 moved to 1220. Values of Pv/Fm in plants that were moved from high light to lower light increased to values above those recorded in plants raised in the lower light treatments. Reductions in quantum efficiency caused by photoinhibition at high irradiant may be more than compensated for by higher electron transport rates, although evidence suggests that under high irradiant this tends to be balanced by reduced leaf area and earlier senescence. Chlorophyll fluorescence techniques appear capable of indicating effects of irradiant induced stress in ginseng, yielding results comparable to those obtained with gas exchange techniques but in less time and with greater replication.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.156-166
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• 2022

Background: Panax ginseng Meyer (P. ginseng), a herb distributed in Korea, China and Japan, exerts benefits on diverse inflammatory conditions. However, the underlying mechanism and active ingredients remains largely unclear. Herein, we aimed to explore the active ingredients of P. ginseng against inflammation and elucidate underlying mechanisms. Methods: Inflammation model was constructed by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in C57BL/6 mice and RAW264.7 macrophages. Molecular docking, molecular dynamics, surface plasmon resonance imaging (SPRi) and immunofluorescence were utilized to predict active component. Results: P. ginseng significantly inhibited LPS-induced lung injury and the expression of proinflammatory factors, including TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β. Additionally, P. ginseng blocked fluorescencelabeled LPS (LPS488) binding to the membranes of RAW264.7 macrophages, the phosphorylation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). Furthermore, molecular docking demonstrated that ginsenoside Ro (GRo) docked into the LPS binding site of toll like receptor 4 (TLR4)/myeloid differentiation factor 2 (MD2) complex. Molecular dynamic simulations showed that the MD2-GRo binding conformation was stable. SPRi demonstrated an excellent interaction between TLR4/ MD2 complex and GRo (K_D value of 1.16 × 10^-9 M). GRo significantly inhibited LPS488 binding to cell membranes. Further studies showed that GRo markedly suppressed LPS-triggered lung injury, the transcription and secretion levels of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β. Moreover, the phosphorylation of NF-κB and MAPKs as well as the p65 subunit nuclear translocation were inhibited by GRo dose-dependently. Conclusion: Our results suggest that GRo exerts anti-inflammation actions by direct inhibition of TLR4 signaling pathway.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.325-335
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• 2018

This study is for checking the possibility of ginseng complex as cosmetic materials. For this we carried out biological active evaluation about anti-inflammatory and whitening effects by using ethanol extract of ginseng complex. Samples were prepared by extracting 70% ethanol from each of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer (A), Phellinus linteus (B) and Pinus rigida Mill. (C), and mixing them at a ratio of (A) 1 : (B) 1 : (C) 0.5. In order to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of the samples in macrophages (RAW 264.7 cells), MTT assay was used to evaluate the toxicity of the samples and the inhibitory activity of nitric oxide production and the expression levels of inflammation-related proteins and genes. To evaluate the whitening effect of the samples in melanoma (B16F10 cell), MTT assay was used to evaluate the toxicity of the sample, cellular tyrosinase inhibition, and melanin contents. The inhibitory activity of nitric oxide in the LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells was 71.2% at $25{\mu}g/mL$ concentration and western blot analysis showed that the expression of iNOS and COX-2 protein decreased in a concentration-dependent manner. Inhibition of tyrosinase activity showed 36.8% inhibition at $50{\mu}g/mL$ concentration of ginseng complex and inhibition of melanin contents showed 47.8% inhibition at $50{\mu}g/mL$ concentration. From the results of the experiment, it was confirmed that the ginseng complex had excellent anti-inflammatory and whitening effect and could be used as a safe natural cosmetic material in the future.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.431-439
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• 2017

This study was conducted to examine the antioxidant activities and physiological activities of mixture extracts (Liriope platyphylla, Schizandra chinensis and Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) with different extraction mixing ratios (MEC, 2:1:1; ME1, 1:2:1; ME2, 1:1:2; ME3, 1.34:1.33:1.33). The yield of extracts ranged from 25.33 to 33.87%. The total polyphenol and total flavonoid contents of ME1 extracts were 1.01 g/100 g, 0.07 g/100 g, respectively. The total sugar contents of MEC extract was 22.83 g/100 g, respectively. The DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities of ME1 extracts at $1,000{\mu}g/mL$ were 26.79% and 21.08%. The superoxide radical scavenging and ferric-reducing antioxidant power of ME1 extracts at $1,000{\mu}g/mL$ were 67.83% and $295.47{\mu}M$, respectively. The functionalities of extracts were investigated with L-132 and RAW264.7 cell lines. The extracts on different mixing ratios did not show the toxicity on L-132 and RAW264.7 cell line in $100-2,500{\mu}g/mL$. The ME1 extract of $1,000{\mu}g/mL$ performed better than other extracts protective effects against oxidative stess in L-132 cells (81.22%) and the ME2 extract at $1,000{\mu}g/mL$ decreased nitric oxide production by $7.48{\mu}M$ which was more potent than other extracts. There results suggest that the ME1 extracts may be a useful functional food material in the food industry.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.135-141
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• 2001

Of hot-water extracts prepared from 10 herbal components of Sip-Jeon-Dae-Bo-Tang, Atractylodes lancea DC. (ALR) and Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer (PG) showed the most potent bone marrow cell proliferation activity through intestinal immune system whereas other extracts did not have the activity except for Astragalus membranacues Bunge (ASR) and Angelica acutiloba Kitagawa (AR) having low activity. Especially, ALR had the potent activity irrespective of classes of ALR, a place of production and the condition of breeding. In addition, we found that hot-water extract from Atractylodes lancea DC rhizomes (ALR-0) contributed mainly to Peyer's patch cells mediated-hematopoietic response of Sip-Jeon-Dae-Bo-Tang. ALR-0 was further fractionated into MeOH-soluble fraction (ALR-1), MeOH-insoluble and EtOH-soluble fraction (ALR-2), and the crude polysaccharide fraction (ALR-3). Among these fractions, only ALR-3 showed potent stimulating activity for proliferation of bone marrow cells mediated by Peyer's patch cells, dose-dependently. In treatments of ALR-3 with $NaIO_4,\;NaClO_2$ and pronase, all significantly reduced the intestinal immune system modulating activity of ALR-3, and the activity of ALR-3 was much affected by $NaIO_4$ oxidation particularly. These results reveal that macromolecules, such as polysaccharide, rather than low-molecular-weight substances, are the potent intestinal immune system modulating compound of ALR.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.35-43
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• 2009

This study was conducted to examine the genetic variations and intraspecific relationships between 9 individuals of Panax ginseng C.A Meyer by using RAPD (Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA) analysis. The 34 primers out of 40 random primers were amplified for all tested plants. The 48 (40%) among 244 bands derived from 34 primers shown polymorphism, and the 72 (64%) rest of bands showed similar forms. By regional groups Sangju and Andong samples located in Kyungsang buk-do showed a high similarity. However, Punggi located in Kyungsang buk-do showed higher similarity with Jinan's of Junla buk-do. In this way, it did not show that Panax ginseng from the same area has similarities. In future study we need to more specific molecular phylogenetic analysis such as AFLP technology and gene sequencing with nuclear chloroplast DNA in all samples.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.160-169
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• 2019

The this study was carried out to investigate the growth characteristics of wild-simulated ginseng by direct seeding and transplanting cultivation for develop standard cultivation techniques of wild-simulated ginseng. Bonghwa experimental field were confirm to be suitable location environment for cultivation of wild-simulated ginseng. As a result of this study, the germination rate of wild-simulated ginseng was significantly highest when seed size was over 6.5 mm in the spot seeding cultivation. In the case of transplanting, survival rate was significantly increased when the diameter of root was over 10 mm, planting distance was 7 cm, and the thickness of soil covering was less then 2 cm. The result of growth characteristics of wild-simulated ginseng by cultivation type, growth of stem in spot seeding cultivation was showed significantly increased when seed size over 6 mm, seeding number was 3 grains, and the seeding distance was less then 5 cm. Strip seeding cultivation was showed significantly increased in stem and root growth when seeding distance was 30 cm grains and quantity of seeding was less then 23 g. In the case of transplanting cultivation, it's was showed significantly increased in stem growth when diameter of root was over then 10 mm and direction of rhizome was top and bottom. The results of this study was that to clearly establish the techniques of cultivation of managements and it's will be suggest contribute to the industrial activation of wild-simulated ginseng.