• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 1998.06a
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• pp.127-137
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• 1998

From the underground part of Panax vietnamensis Ha et Grushv., commonly known as Vietnamese ginseng, 50 triterpene glycosides including 24 new dammarane saponins named visa-ginsenosides-Rl-24 were isolated and identified. The structure of the new saponins was elucidated based on chemical and spectroscopic evidence. The saponin composition of Vietnamese ginseng is almost similar to that of ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) and other cultivated Panax spp. However, the content of ocotillos-type saponins, especially that of the major saponin, majonoside-R2 (5.29% yield), was surprisingly very high. The pharmacological activities of Vietnamese ginseng are essentially similar to those of ginseng. In addition, it has marked antibacterial activity against pathogenic Streptococcus app. and is effective in treatment of granular angina. The chemical composition and pharmacological activities have made Vietnamese ginseng an interesting member of Panax spp. from chemotaxonomical and pharmacological points of view,

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.65-71
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• 1996

This study was undertaken to evaluate the automatic decision-making on the grading of 6-year-old fresh ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) by an image analyzer. The best input method for the 6-year-old fresh ginseng was under condition of a low resolution (128u 128 pixel) and illumination direction from bottom to up (light box). It was possible to identify the main root, lateral root, and rhizome of fresh ginseng by application of OPEN process in a function of an image analyzer. Finally, we developed the grade decision-making programs, GinP-1. The fitness rates for the fresh ginseng standards which were classified by experts were 94.6, 80.6, 81.5, and 100.0% for 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th grade of fresh ginseng, respectively, and the total time of decision-making was about 4.3 seconds per one root. The decision-making time was reduced to 0.8 seconds per one root by enhancemeat of the Image analyzer, which was tested by the technical company of the image analyzer,'Carl Zeiss (Germany). As a result of this study, the automatic decision-making on the grade of fresh gin send by image analyzer seems to have high possibility.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.13-19
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• 1981

In order to investigate the effects of ammonium citrate and ammonium succinate on the growth and absorption of nitrogen compounds supplied in the medium, Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) calli were suspension cultured in MS medium with various concentrations of ammonium citrate and ammonium succinate. When Korean ginseng calli were cultured with 10 mM ammonium citrate, 10 mM ammonium succinate, and 10 mM ammonium nitrate (control) in MS media as the nitrogen sources, the growth, $NO_3$-N absorption and total nitrogen content of the Korean ginseng cells were greatest in the ammonium citrate and ammonium succinate concentrations. When Korean ginseng calli were cultured with 5 mM ammonium citrate and 5 mM ammonium succinate, the growth and nitrogen content were superior to those of the control: however, $NO_3$-N and $NH_4$-N absorptions were similar to those of the control. In conclusion, the 10 mM ammonium citrate and 10 mM ammonium succinate may be better able to facilitate the growth and $NO_3$

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.21-26
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• 1986

Polyacetylenes (conjugated poly-ynes) were Isolated from the roots of Panax Ginseng C.A. Meyer by the low pressure preparative liquid chromatography and characterized by spectral analyses. The advantages of the isolation method are the simplicity of the isolation procedure and the much higher yield of poly-ynes compared to the old method.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.264-269
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• 1985

The inheritance of violet and green stems was examined in F1 F2 of violetstem variant x yellow-berry variant in Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer, and the characters of F1 and F2 plants were investigated. From these results, it was shown that most of the characters of F1 and F2 plants were simillar to the female plants. However, reciprocal crosses between violet and green stems yielded progeny of violet-stem variant. Thus the cross V♀x♂Y gave all violet-stem seedlings, and the cross Y♂ x Y♀ gave all violet-stem seedlings. And all of the crosses segregated in F2 in a ratio of 3 violet to 1 green.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.558-560
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• 1996

Ginseng researches in the Russia during last two decades (1975-1995). were reviewed especially experimental with data of interactions of saponines from Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer on membranes. The publications on researches of ginseng were about 200 in total (papers and monographs) for 1975-1995 in Russia.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.389-415
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• 1996

Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer(Araliaceae) has been traditionally used as an expensive and precious medicine in oriental countries for more than 5, 000 years. Ginseng saponin isolated from the root of Panax ginseng have been regarded as the main effective components responsible for the pharmacological and biological activities. Such as antiaging effects. antidiabetic effects anticancer effects. Protection against physical and chemical stress. Analgesic and antipyretic effects. Effects on the central nervous system, tranquilizing action and others. Thirty kinds of ginsenosides have been so far isolated from ginseng saponin and their chemical structures have been elucidated since 1960's. Among which protopanaxadiol type is 19 kinds. protopanaxatriol type. 10 kinds and oleanane type, one. Since ginsenosides are generally labile under acidic conditions ordinary acid hydrolysis is always accompanied by many side reactions, such as epimerization. hydroxylation and cyclization of side chain of the sapogenins Especially. it is well known that C-20 glycosyl linkage of ginsenoside was hydrolysed on heating with acetic acid to give an equilibrated mixture of 20(S) and 20(R) epimers. And also, the chemical transformations of the secondary metabolites have appeared during the steaming process to prepare red ginseng. Indicating demalonylation of malonyl ginsenosides, elimination of glycosyl residue at C-20 and isomerization of hydroxyl configuration at C-20. But these studies have not provided a comprehensive picture in explaning how these ginsenosides showed val'iotas pharmacological activities of ginseng. Though some of them have been involved in the mechanism of pharmacological actions. Recently, non-saponin components have received a great deal of attention for their antioxidant, anticancer antidiabetic, immunomodulating. anticomplementary activities and so on. To meet the demand for such wide applications, studies on the non-saponin components play an important role in providing a good evidence of pharmacological and biol ogical activities. Among the non-saponin constituents of Korean ginseng, polyacetylenes, phenols. Sesquiterpenes, alkaloids. polysaccharides oligosaccharides, oligopeptides and aminoglycosides together with ginsenosides of terrestrial part are mainly described.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.62 no.4
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• pp.375-384
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• 2019

The root of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer were extracted with 70% aqueous EtOH and the concentrates were partitioned into MeOH and H₂O fractions using Diaion HP-20. The repeated SiO₂ or octadecyl SiO₂ column, and MPLC for the MeOH fraction led to isolation of four malonyl ginsenosides. The chemical structures of these compounds were determined as malonyl ginsenoside Rd (1) malonyl ginsenoside Rc (2) malonyl ginsenoside Rb2 (3) malonyl ginsenoside Rb1 (4) based on spectroscopic analyses including Nuclear magnetic resonance and HR-TOF/MS. The contents of malonyl ginsenoside Rb1 was highist as 5.44 mg/g of five years of ginseng. And malonyl ginsenoside Rd was lowest as 0.11 mg/g of six years of ginseng. Additionally, the malonyl ginsenoside Rd exhibited hepatoprotective effect against ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity in HepG2 cell line.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.154-161
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• 1989

Effects of panaxydol, panaxynol and panaxytriol isolated from Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer on some enzyme activities were determined. Activities of ATPase, membrane-bound enzyme from Sarcoma 180 and rat liver were slightly inhibited by panaxydol. Activities of 5'-nucleotidase, membrane-bound enzyme and succinate cytochrome c reductase in mitochonidria from sarcoma 180 and rat livers were significantly inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by panaxynol. The inhibitory effects of panaxydol and panaxynol on succinate cytochrome c reductase activities were more potent than those on 5'-nucleotidase activities and panaxynol was found to be a very potent inhibitor of succinate cytochrome c reductase. Activities of glucose-6-phosphatase in endoplasmic reticulum from Sarcoma 180 and rat livers were not affected by all three polyacetylenes. These results suggested that the inhibitory effects of panaxydol and panaxynol on enzyme activities might contribute to their biological activities.

• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.177-182
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• 1994

Cotyledon segments of korean ginseng produced somatic embryos when cultured on MS basal medium, whereas plumule or excised axis explants did not. histological examination revealed that the cells in proximal region of cotyledon turned meristematic and densely cytoplasmic was composed of smaller and more densely cytiplasmic cells than the subepidermal cells. however, in the case both epidermis and subepidermal cells were almost the same in size and cytoplasmic density, the embryo originated from multiple cells.