• Toxicological Research
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.13-22
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• 1988

The inhibitory effect of three polyacetylene compounds, panaxydol, panaxynol and panaxytriol isolated from Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer on $CCl_4$induced lipid peroxidation in vivo and in vitro hepatic microsomal lipid peroxidation induced by ADP-$Fe^{3+}$, NADPH and NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase were investigated. Their effects on lowering the lipid peroxide levels both in serum and liver and lowering the serum enzyme (GOT, GPT, LDH) activities without the $CCl_4$-induction were also determined. Male ICR mice were pretreated i.p. with polyacetylene compounds or DL-${\alpha}$-tocopherol before administration of $CCl_4$ i.p. and 20 hr after the administration of $CCl_4,$ serum and liver were analyzed. Hepatic microsome was isolated and used for the in vitro NADPH-dependent lipid peroxidation system. Except for panaxynol, treatment with polyacetylenes to control mice did not reduce the levels of lipid peroxides and serum enzyme activities. Panaxynol itself inhibited lipid peroxidation in the liver of normal mice. Polyacetylene compounds protected from the $CCl_4$-induced hepatic lipid peroxidation and lowered serum lipid peroxide levels. Polyacetylenes also inhibited the in virto hepatic microsomal lipid peroxidation in a dose-dependent manner. The results suggest that panaxydol, panaxynol and panaxytriol seem to be the antioxidant components which contribute the anti-aging activities of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.114-119
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• 2008

Terpene synthase plays a key role in biosynthesis of triterpene saponins (ginsenosides) and is intermediate in the biosynthesis of a number of secondary metabolites. A terpene synthase (PgTPS) cDNA was isolated and characterized from the root of Panax ginseng c.A. Meyer. The deduced amino acid sequence of PgTPS showed a similarity with A. deliciosa (AAX16121) 61%, V. vinifera (AAS66357) 61%, L. hirsutum (AAG41891) 55%, M. truncatula (AAV36464) 52%. And the segment of a terpene synthase gene was amplified by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RTPCR). We studied expression of terpene synthase under stressful conditions like chilling, salt, UV, and heavy metal stress treatment. Expression of PgTPS was increased gradually after exposure to stresses such as chilling, salt, and UV illumination. But its transcription seems to be reduced by cadmium and copper treatment.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.107-111
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• 1990

Ginseng root explants and calli were cultured on modified Murashine and Skoog's media supplemented with different concentrations of organic or inorganic compounds and plant growth requlators to clarify the effects of chemical compositon and plant growth regulators in the medium on the growth of ginseng calli and the production of ginseng saponin. For optimum growth of ginseng calli, the concentrations of 2, 4-D and sucrose were in the range of 1 to 5 mg/l and 1 to 3%, respectively. And it was clarified that sucrose, nitrogen, phosphate, calcium, magnesium, plant growth regulators and their concentrations influcenced the relative biosynthesis of saponin in tissue cultures of Panax ginseng.

• 고려인삼학회:학술대회논문집
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• 고려인삼학회 1988년도 학술대회지
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• pp.33-35
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• 1988

우리는 경험적으로 인삼이 훌륭한 치료효과로서 항종양효과가 있다는 것을 알고 있다. 인삼으로부터 종양발육 억제효과가 있는 물질을 분리하는 과정에서 우리는 새로운 타입의 항종양 물질을 발견하였다. 이물질은 Panax ginseng C.A. Mayer의 분말로부터 분리하였는데 이 분말은 일본에서 홍삼분말이라는 이름으로 의약품으로서 여러가지 질병치료에 사용되고 있다. IR, $^{1}H,\;^{13}C-NMR$ 및 MS에 의한 분석결과로 이 물질은 panaxytriol로 동정 되었다. 고려홍삼에서 분리된 panaxytriol은 in vitro 시험에서 몇가지의 인체암세포와 악성백혈병 세포의 성장을 억제하였다. 비록 panaxytriol에 의한 세포성장억제에 대한 상세한 작용기전은 알려져있지 않으나 panaxytriol의 효과는 처리시간보다는 농도 의존성이 있는 것으로 밝혀졌다.

• 고려인삼학회:학술대회논문집
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• 고려인삼학회 1998년도 Advances in Ginseng Research - Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Ginseng -
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• pp.127-137
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• 1998

From the underground part of Panax vietnamensis Ha et Grushv., commonly known as Vietnamese ginseng, 50 triterpene glycosides including 24 new dammarane saponins named visa-ginsenosides-Rl-24 were isolated and identified. The structure of the new saponins was elucidated based on chemical and spectroscopic evidence. The saponin composition of Vietnamese ginseng is almost similar to that of ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) and other cultivated Panax spp. However, the content of ocotillos-type saponins, especially that of the major saponin, majonoside-R2 (5.29% yield), was surprisingly very high. The pharmacological activities of Vietnamese ginseng are essentially similar to those of ginseng. In addition, it has marked antibacterial activity against pathogenic Streptococcus app. and is effective in treatment of granular angina. The chemical composition and pharmacological activities have made Vietnamese ginseng an interesting member of Panax spp. from chemotaxonomical and pharmacological points of view,

• 생약학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.154-161
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• 1989

Effects of panaxydol, panaxynol and panaxytriol isolated from Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer on some enzyme activities were determined. Activities of ATPase, membrane-bound enzyme from Sarcoma 180 and rat liver were slightly inhibited by panaxydol. Activities of 5'-nucleotidase, membrane-bound enzyme and succinate cytochrome c reductase in mitochonidria from sarcoma 180 and rat livers were significantly inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by panaxynol. The inhibitory effects of panaxydol and panaxynol on succinate cytochrome c reductase activities were more potent than those on 5'-nucleotidase activities and panaxynol was found to be a very potent inhibitor of succinate cytochrome c reductase. Activities of glucose-6-phosphatase in endoplasmic reticulum from Sarcoma 180 and rat livers were not affected by all three polyacetylenes. These results suggested that the inhibitory effects of panaxydol and panaxynol on enzyme activities might contribute to their biological activities.

• 고려인삼학회:학술대회논문집
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• 고려인삼학회 1974년도 학술대회지
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• pp.45-48
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• 1974

[ $\beta$-Sitosterol and oleanolic acid were isolated in a pure form from Radix Panax Ginseng, the genuine Ginseng drug, by column chromatography on Silicagel and aluminium oxide (Woelm). TLC indicates the presence of at least three other triterpene sapogenins.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.145-150
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• 1989

Mature zygotic embryos dissected from ginseng(Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) seeds were cultured on Murashige and Skoog's (MS) medium containing various concentrations of 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid(2, 4-D) and kinetin. Somatic embryos were induced directly from cotyledonary tissue or from intervening callus. The induction frequency of somatic embryos was up to 55%. Upon transfer to half-strength MS medium supplemented with 1 mg/1 6-benzyladenine(BA) and 1 mg/1 GA3, most somatic embryos developed into plantlets. Over 50% of the plantlets flowered after 4 weeks of culture and then a few bore immature fruits in vitro. Therefore, it is suggested that the juvenility of the ginseng tissue which give rise to somatic embryos does not interfere with in vitro flowering of their regenerated plantlets.

• 고려인삼학회:학술대회논문집
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• 고려인삼학회 1974년도 학술대회지
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• pp.77-93
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• 1974

The sapogenins of two-and four-year-old A-merican ginseng plants (Panax quinquefolium L.) (Araliaceae) collected in July and September were studied. American ginseng saponins (panaquilins) differ from Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) saponins (ginsenosides). The American ginseng saponins separated and named were panaquilins A, B, C, D, E-l, E-2, E-3, G-l, G-2, (c) and (d). One-dimensional thin-layer chromatography did not completely separate panaquilin mixture and were subject to misinterpretation. The panaquilins were more accurately separated and identified by the two-dimensional thin-layer method established. Some differences in American ginseng saponins were dependent upon the plant age, time of collection, and part extracted. The American ginseng sapogenin components are panxadiol (panaquilins B and C), oleanolic acid (panaquilin D) and panaxatriol (panaquilin G-l). The panaquilins E-l, E-2 and E-3 mixture contains both panaxadiol and panaxatriol. The genins of panaquilins A, (c), (d) and G-2 were not identified. In addition, ${\beta}-sitosterol$ and stigmasterol were identified from the root ether extracts.

• Plant Resources
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.155-160
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• 2005

A full-length cDNA (PPrx1) encoding peroxidase has been isolated and its nucleotide sequence determined from flower bud in ginseng plant (Panax ginseng). A PPrx1 cDNA is 1192 nucleotides long and has an open reading frame of 1062 bp with a deduced amino acid sequence of 354 residues (pI 7.53). The deduced amino acid sequence of PPrx1 matched to the previously reported peroxidase protein genes. The PPrx1 showed a high similarity with the $64\%$ identity with peroxidase of N. tabacum (AAK52084). In the phylogenetic analysis based on the amino acid residues, the PPrx1 was closer with peroxidase of G. max (AAD37376).