• 대한한의학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.60-71
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• 2004

Objectives : We have examined the relaxational response to the water extract of genus Panax in rat thoracic aorta and mesenteric artery. Methods : Segments of thoracic aorta and mesenteric artery obtained from rats immediately after delivery were mounted in organ baths superfused on a polygraph. Results : We found that the thoracic aorta segments responded to the water extract of genus Panax with a dose-dependent vasorelaxation. At $10^{-5}m$ 5-hydroxytrptamine (5-HT), the maximal contraction force were 94.9% of the maximum KCl-response. At $10^{-5}m$ 5-HT - induced contraction, The contractile response of thoracic aortic rings were inhibited by 54.7%, 36.3% and 31.3% after addition of the high concentration (100 mg/ml) of water extract of Panax ginseng, Panax japonicus and Panax quinquefolium. The contractile response of mesenteric arteries were inhibited by 88.3%, 87.7%, and 70.3% after addition of the high concentration (100 mg/ml) of water extract of Panax ginseng, Panax japonicus and Panax quinquefolium. Conclusions : In conclusion, water extract of genus Panax - induced relaxation in the isolated rat thoracic aorta and mesenteric artery were composed of endothelium - independent relaxation and dose - dependent relaxation.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제47권2호
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• pp.183-192
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• 2023

Viral infections are known as one of the major factors causing death. Ginseng is a medicinal plant that demonstrated a wide range of antiviral potential, and saponins are the major bioactive ingredients in the genus Panax with vast therapeutic potential. Studies focusing on the antiviral activity of the genus Panax plant-derived agents (extracts and saponins) and their mechanisms were identified and summarized, including contributions mainly from January 2016 until January 2022. P. ginseng, P. notoginseng, and P. quinquefolius were included in the review as valuable medicinal herbs against infections with 14 types of viruses. Reports from 9 extracts and 12 bioactive saponins were included, with 6 types of protopanaxadiol (PPD) ginsenosides and 6 types of protopanaxatriol (PPT) ginsenosides. The mechanisms mainly involved the inhibition of viral attachment and replication, the modulation of immune response by regulating signaling pathways, including the Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway, cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE)/hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) pathway, phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1 (PDK1)/ protein kinase B (Akt) signaling pathway, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)/activator protein-1 (AP-1) pathway, and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) pathway. This review includes detailed information about the mentioned antiviral effects of the genus Panax extracts and saponins in vitro and in vivo, and in human clinical trials, which provides a scientific basis for ginseng as an adjunctive therapeutic drug or nutraceutical.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.144-166
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• 2013

Actoprotectors are preparations that increase the mental performance and enhance body stability against physical loads without increasing oxygen consumption. Actoprotectors are regarded as a subclass of adaptogens that hold a significant capacity to increase physical performance. The focus of this article is studying adaptogen herbs of genus Panax (P. ginseng in particular) and their capabilities as actoprotectors. Some animal experiments and human studies about actoprotective properties of genus Panax attest that P. ginseng (administered as an extract) significantly increased the physical and intellectual work capacities, and the data provided suggests that ginseng is a natural source of actoprotectors. Preparations of ginseng can be regarded as potential actoprotectors which give way to further research of its influence on physical and mental work capacity, endurance and restoration after exhaustive physical loads while compared with reference actoprotectors.

• 대한약학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한약학회 2003년도 Proceedings of the Convention of the Pharmaceutical Society of Korea Vol.2-2
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• pp.85.1-85.1
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• 2003

Previously, we found the operon random primer (OP-5A) that is characteristic the genus Panax by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis. However, OP-5A primer is limited to apply on the differentiation of only crude herbal plants. To construct more sensitive and unique primers on the genus Panax, ginseng-specific DNA profile (350 bp) that was amplified by OP-5A primer were inserted in a plasmid vector in the TA cloning method and sequenced. We designed the PCR primers (Forward: 5＂-AGGGGTCTTGCTAT AGCGGAAC-3＂, Reverse: 5＂-AGTCTTAATTTCATATTTTCGTATG-3＂) and identified the unique ginseng band (350 bp) in commercial granule products including ginseng extracts as well as crude ginseng plants by nascent PCR.(omitted)

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제26권8호
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• pp.601-605
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• 2003

Traditional taxonomic methods used for the identification and differentiation of ginsengs rely primarily on morphological observations or physiochemical methods, which cannot be used efficiently when only powdered forms or shredded material is available. Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) was used to determine the unique DNA profiles that are characteristic not only of the genus Panax but also of various Panax subgroups collected from five different countries. RAPD results of OP-5A primer showed a specific single band that is characteristic of all ginseng samples. RAPD results of OP-13B primer demonstrated that OP-13B primer could be used as a unique RAPD marker to differentiate Panax species. These results support that this approach could be applied to distinguish Korean Ginseng (Panax ginseng) from others at the molecular level.

• 한국자원식물학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.82-93
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• 2004

국내에 자생하는 두릅나무과 식물의 형태적 분류를 재확인하고, 분자적 방법에 의해 속 및 종간 유연 관계를 파악해 보고자 PCR-RAPD 와 ITS sequence 분석을 실시하였다. 채집된 오갈피과 식물을 이용하여 PCR-RAPD를 실시한 결과 속과 종을 구분할 수 있는 다양한 polymorphic 밴드를 관찰할 수 있었다. 또한 실험에 이용한 두릅나무 개체군 내에서 다양한 쓱 변이가 있음을 확인할 수 있었고, 인삼에서는 재배종 내의 변이는 관찰되지 않았으나 야생종과 재배종간의 유전적 차이가 존재함을 확인할 수 있는 밴드들이 나타났다. ITS분석에서는 각각의 속과 종만이 지니는 특이 염기 서열이 나타나 ITS를 이용한 속과 종 분류가 가능하였다. ITS 염기서열로 작성한 계통수를 분석 한 결과 오갈피속은 음나무속과 근연임을 알 수 있었고, 두릅속과 인삼속이 하나의 계통이며 송악은 다른 속과 명료하게 구분됨을 확인하였다. 두릅속과 인삼속이 근연관계임은 RAPD 결과에서도 확인되었다. 인삼은 RAPD 분석 결과 재배종과 야생종 사이에 변이가 존재함이 관찰되었으나, ITS 분석 결과에서는 야생종과 재배종간의 변이를 관찰 할 수 있는 결과가 나타나지 않았다. 또한 RAPD와 ITS 분석 결과 모두 지역에 따른 재배종 인삼의 유전적 차이도 관찰되지 않았다. 이를 통해 국내에서 재배중인 인삼이 단계통임을 알 수 있었다. ITS 분석에서는 속과 종 수준의 분류가 가능한 특이 염기 서열들이 관찰되었다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.1-6
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• 1983

인삼(人蔘)과 오가피중(五加皮中)의 핵산계(核酸系) 성분(成分)을 HPLC로 분리(分離) 정량(定量)하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 동일한 원료수삼에서 제조한 백삼(白蔘)과 홍삼(紅蔘)의 핵산유리염기(核酸遊離鹽基)와 nucleoside의 조성이 거의 같았다. 2. 인삼(人蔘)과 오가피(五加皮)중의 nucleosides 함량에서 adenosine, guanosine, cytidine 등이 특징적(特徵的)인 차이(差異)를 나타냈으며 인삼속(人蔘屬)이 약(約) 3배(倍)이상 많게 나타났다. 그러나 tymidine과 inosine은 오가피속(五加皮屬)이 다소 많았다. 3. nucleobase 함량면에서는 인삼(人蔘)이나 오가피간(五加皮間)에 비슷한 함량으로 1~2mg/100g를 함유했다.

• Journal of Photoscience
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.55-60
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• 2001

Ginseng (Panax genus) is one of the most medicinally important genera and consists of highly regarded medicines. Among the species of Panax, the ginseng species is widely known to have most medicinal quality. P. ginseng has 3 varieties, Jakyung, Chunggyung and Hwangsook, discovered in nature with different colors of stem and fruit, Jakyung has two cultivars, Yunpoong and Chunpoong. Rigorous phylogenetic analysis of these varieties and cultivars has been conducted with sequencing of rDNA region. The sequences of ITS1, ITS2 of every varieties and cultivars within P. ginseng were identical. The sequence of 5.8S rDNAs of Hwangsook variety were different from the sequences of 5.8S rDNAs of others by only one base pair at nucleotide position 14. In phylogenetic analysis and predicted RNA secondary structure study, it is assumed that evolution has proceeded from Hwangsook to other varieties. recently.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.287-298
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• 2015

Ginseng, a perennial plant belonging to the genus Panax of the Araliaceae family, is well known for its medicinal properties that help alleviate pathological symptoms, promote health, and prevent potential diseases. Among the active ingredients of ginseng are saponins, most of which are glycosides of triterpenoid aglycones. So far, numerous saponins have been reported as components of Panax ginseng, also known as Korean ginseng. Herein, we summarize available information about 112 saponins related to P. ginseng; >80 of them are isolated from raw or processed ginseng, and the others are acid/base hydrolysates, semisynthetic saponins, or metabolites.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제38권1호
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• pp.59-65
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• 2014

Discriminating between two herbal medicines (Panax ginseng and Panax quinquefolius), with similar chemical and physical properties but different therapeutic effects, is a very serious and difficult problem. Differentiation between two processed ginseng genera is even more difficult because the characteristics of their appearance are very similar. An ultraperformance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF MS)-based metabolomic technique was applied for the metabolite profiling of 40 processed P. ginseng and processed P. quinquefolius. Currently known biomarkers such as ginsenoside Rf and F11 have been used for the analysis using the UPLC-photodiode array detector. However, this method was not able to fully discriminate between the two processed ginseng genera. Thus, an optimized UPLC-QTOF-based metabolic profiling method was adapted for the analysis and evaluation of two processed ginseng genera. As a result, all known biomarkers were identified by the proposed metabolomics, and additional potential biomarkers were extracted from the huge amounts of global analysis data. Therefore, it is expected that such metabolomics techniques would be widely applied to the ginseng research field.