• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.239-243
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• 2010

The objective of this study was to evaluate effects of supplementation of ${\beta}$-mannanase (CTCZYME$^{(R)}$, CTCBIO, Inc.) on feed intake, growth performance and fecal health of calves fed two levels (3% vs. 8%) of palm kernel meal (PKM). A total of nine Holstein calves were divided into three groups, and fed a conventional starter containing 3% PKM (CON), CON+0.1% CTCZYME$^{(R)}$ (TRT1), or a starter containing 8% PKM+0.1% CTCZYME$^{(R)}$ (TRT2). No clinical symptom of calves was observed through the trial. We did not find significant differences among the treatments on mean feed intake, growth performance, or fecal health during the four-week experimental period. Feed efficiency tended to be improved by adding CTCZYME$^{(R)}$ (0.46, 0.87 and 0.52 for CON, TRT1 and TRT2, respectively). Compared with CON (921 g/d and 786 g/d), TRT2 had lower feed intake (727 g/d) and average daily gain (ADG, 631 g/d) before weaning. However, feed intake (2300 g/d) and ADG (1012 g/d) were similar or even higher in TRT2 than CON (2269 g/d and 560 g/d) after weaning. This was probably due to the effect of a large amount of mannan-oligosaccharide released from PKM by ${\beta}$-mannanase. Salmonella was not detected any fecal samples. No significant difference was observed in the number of fecal E. coli or fecal properties including color, smell, and watery indexes among the treatments. We conclude that a calf starter containing 8% PKM with 0.1% CTCZYME$^{(R)}$ is comparable with a conventional starter in feed intake and growth performance of calf, which is beneficial in terms of reduction in feed cost.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.160-165
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• 2021

This study was conducted to investigate a suitable substrate formulation for bag cultivation of Hypsizygus marmoreus. To determine the optimum media composition for H. marmoreus, chemical properties of various media and culture properties were investigated. The fastest primordia formation (9.0 days), the shortest fruiting body harvest period (18.0 days), and the highest yield (144.7 g/bag) were realized with the T6 formulation (55:15:20:5:5 mixing ratio of poplar sawdust, wheat bran, rice bran, dried soybean powder, and palm kernel, respectively). The chemical properties of the T6 formulation were pH, 6.0; total carbon, 19.0%; total nitrogen, 0.83%; C/N ratio, 22.8; P₂O₅, 0.61%; K₂O, 0.46%; and MgO, 0.29%. This is the first attempt using plastic bags for cultivation and will help expand the production of H. marmoreus.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.362-368
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• 2012

This study examined the fatty acid compositions of the fats extracted from 14 commercial coffee creamers and 11 instant coffee mixes, and evaluated the sensory characteristics of the coffees using different coffee creamers. The fat content in the 14 coffee creamers and 11 coffee mixes was 15~28% and 8~14%, respectively. The fats in 12 coffee creamers consisted of 34~45% lauric, 15~19% myristic and 10~18% palmitic acids. The fats in the other 2 coffee creamers consisted of 43% palmitic, 39% oleic and 10% linoleic acids. The fatty acids of the fats in the 11 coffee mixes were almost all saturated with lauric acid being the most abundant (44~45%). Coconut oil or palm kernel oil might have been used to manufacture the 12 coffee creamers and 11 coffee mixes, which had a higher lauric acid content. Palm oil (PO) might be a fat source for the other 2 coffee creamers. The sensory characteristics of five coffee mixes were evaluated based on their fatty acid compositions. The coffees with the creamers, which had a higher lauric acid content, were significantly more acceptable than those with a higher palmitic acid (p<0.05). The sensory evaluation of the coffees made with the creamers composed of hydrogenated coconut oil (HCO) and PO at different ratios showed that the acceptability increased with increasing HCO content. This suggests that PO may have a negative impact on the sensory characteristics.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.27 no.7
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• pp.946-950
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• 2014

Bacillus licheniformis was grown in minimal nutrient medium containing 1% (w/v) of distillers dried grain with soluble (DDGS), palm kernel meal (PKM), wheat bran (WB) or copra meal (CM), and the enzyme activity of endoglucanase, ${\beta}$-glucosidase, xylanase and reducing sugars was measured to investigate a possibility of using cost-effective agricultural residues in producing cellulolytic and hemicellulolytic enzymes. The CM gave the highest endoglucanase activity of 0.68 units/mL among added substrates at 48 h. CM yielded the highest titres of 0.58 units/ml of ${\beta}$-glucosidase, compared to 0.33, 0.23, and 0.16 units/mL by PKM, WB, and DDGS, respectively, at 72 h. Xylanase production was the highest (0.34 units/mL) when CM was added. The supernatant from fermentation of CM had the highest reducing sugars than other additional substrates at all intervals (0.10, 0.12, 0.10, and 0.11 mg/mL respectively). It is concluded that Bacillus licheniformis is capable of producing multiple cellulo- and hemicellololytic enzymes for bioethanol production using cost-effective agricultural residues, especially CM, as a sole nutrient source.

• 한국연소학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2014.11a
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• pp.375-378
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• 2014

In this study, we carried out torrefaction experiment using PKS(Palm Kernel Shell), and Bagasse as a raw material of oversee of herbaceous biomass and using waste wood and logging residue as a raw material of domestic of woody biomass. And then, by analyzing the physical & chemical properties, we investigated the characteristics as a fuel. By using the result of thermo gravimetric analysis, the biomass residue was torrefied for 30 minutes at a temperature range of $250-350^{\circ}C$ in anaerobic condition. As a result, torrefied materials of moisture content are lower than raw, but of fixed carbon, calorific value and ash are higher than raw.

• 한국연소학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2014.11a
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• pp.33-36
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• 2014

Gasification of biomass produces syngas containing CO, $H_2$ and/or $CH_4$, which can then be converted into energy or value-added fuels. One of key issues for efficient gasification is to minimize tar concentration in the syngas for use in a final conversion device such as gas engine. This study investigated the decomposition of primary tar by catalytic cracking using char as catalyst, of which the feature can be integrated into a fixed bed gasifier design. The pyrolysis vapor containing tar from pyrolysis of wood at $500^{\circ}C$ was passed through a reactor filled with or without char at $800^{\circ}C$ for a residence time of 1, 3 or 5 sec. Then, the condensable vapor (water and tar) and gases were analyzed for the yields and elemental composition. Four types of char particles with different microscopic surface area and pore size distribution: wood, paddy straw, palm kernel shell and activated carbon. The results were analyzed for the mass and carbon yields of tar and the composition of product gases to conclude the effects of char types and residence time.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.107-114
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• 2020

This study was conducted to investigate the variation in nutrient composition of oilseed meals and to develop prediction equations for amino acid concentrations. Energy and nutrient contents were determined in a total of 1,380 feed ingredient samples including copra byproducts, corn distillers, dried grains with solubles, palm kernel byproducts, and soybean meal. The ingredient samples were imported to the Republic of Korea between 2006 and 2015. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. The regression procedure of SAS was used to generate the prediction equation for the lysine concentration using the crude protein (CP) concentration as an independent variable. The concentrations of moisture, gross energy, CP, ether extract, crude fiber, ash, calcium, phosphorus, lysine, methionine, cysteine, and threonine in tested oilseed meals differed (P<0.05) depending on producing countries. The prediction equations for amino acid concentrations (% as-is basis) in the oilseed meals are: lysine = -1.08 + 0.080 × CP (root mean square error = 0.244, R² = 0.924, and P<0.001); threonine = -0.297 + 0.044 × CP (root mean square error = 0.099, R² = 0.958, and P<0.001). In conclusion, energy and nutrient compositions vary in the oilseed meals depending on the producing countries. Moreover, the crude protein concentration can be used as a suitable independent variable for estimating lysine and threonine concentrations in the oilseed meals.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.33-41
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• 2010

Because ammonia from livestock production may substantially contribute to environmental pollution, emissions from all possible sources (housing systems, manure storage, manure application, outside grazing) should be reduced. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of different bedding materials on ammonia emissions in a cow house. By applying a combination of four treatment types: treatment $1-T_1$ (sawdust (50%)+sawdust pellets (50%)), treatment $2-T_2$ (sawdust (50%)+corn stalk pellets (50%)), treatment $3-T_3$ (sawdust (100%)), and treatment $4-T_4$ (sawdust (50%)+palm kernel meal pellets(50%)) as bedding materials in a cow house, the effects of such treatments on ammonia flux were assessed in approximately one month. The magnitude of ammonia emissions (mg $m^{-2}\;min^{-1}$) varied in the following order: $T_1$(2.226), $T_4$(2.052), $T_2$(1.845), and $T_3$(1.712). The patterns of pH had a decreasing trend for all bedding treatments during the experiment, and there was no significant relationship with ammonia flux. The results reveal that the most important factor influencing ammonia emissions is the physical structure of the bedding types.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Combustion
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.14-22
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• 2017

Co-firing of renewable fuel in coal fired boilers is an attractive option to mitigate $CO_2$ emissions, since it is a relatively low cost option for efficiently converting renewable fuel to electricity by adding biomass as partial substitute of coal. However, it would cause reducing plant efficiency and operational flexibility, and increasing operation and capital cost associated with handling and firing equipment of renewable fuels. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of biomass co-firing on $CO_2$ emission and capital/operating cost. Wood pellet, PKS (palm kernel shell), EFB (empty fruit bunch) and sludge are considered as renewable fuels for co-firing with coal. Several approaches by the co-firing ratio are chosen from previous plant demonstrations and commercial co-firing operation, and they are evaluated and discussed for $CO_2$ reduction and cost estimation.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.769-776
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• 2016

This study was conducted to investigate the digestibility of dry matter (DM) and nitrogen (N) in oilseed meals and distillers dried grains (DDG) fed to growing-finishing pigs. As experimental animals, eleven barrows (initial body weight, $71.7{\pm}17.0kg$) were housed in individual metabolism cages. The experimental design consisted of an $11{\times}8$ incomplete Latin square with 11 dietary treatments and 8 replication periods. The diets were individually formulated with dehulled soybean meal produced in Korea (SBM-KD), soybean meal produced in India (SBM-I), soybean meal produced in Korea (SBM-K), corn high-protein distiller dried grains (HPDDG), tapioca distillers dried grains (TDDG), canola meal (CAM), corn germ meal (CGM), copra meal (COM), palm kernel meal (PKM), sesame meal (SM), and perilla meal (PM). Pigs with SBM-KD and SBM-K showed greater (p < 0.05) intake of N than SBM-I, HPDDG, and PKM. Total feces output was decreased (p < 0.05) in SBMs (SBM-KD, -I, and -K), HPDDG, and CGM compared with TDDG, SM, and PM. The DM in excreted feces was decreased (p < 0.05) in SBMs and CGM compared to TDDG, SM, and PM. Similarly, the SM and PM fed to pigs resulted in greater (p < 0.05) fecal excretion of N than the others. Apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of DM in SBMs and CGM was greater (p < 0.05) than TDDG, SM, and PM. The SBMs fed to pigs showed higher (p < 0.05) ATTD of N than TDDG, COM, SM, and PM. In conclusion, our results provided nutritional information about various ingredients and would be useful to contain more precise amounts of nutrients included in feed ingredients of pig diet.