• 제목/요약/키워드: Paired Study

검색결과 3,204건 처리시간 0.028초

Field-Observed Cracking of Paired Lightweight and Normalweight Concrete Bridge Decks

  • Cavalline, Tara L.;Calamusa, Jeremy T.;Kitts, Amy M.;Tempest, Brett Q.
    • International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials
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    • 제11권1호
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    • pp.85-97
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    • 2017
  • Research has suggested that conventional lightweight concrete can offer durability advantages due to reduced cracking tendency. Although a number of publications exist providing the results of laboratory-based studies on the durability performance of lightweight concrete (with lightweight coarse aggregate) and internally cured concrete (using prewetted lightweight fine aggregate), far fewer field studies of durability performance of conventional lightweight concrete bridge decks in service have been performed. This study was commissioned to provide insight to a highway agency on whether enhanced durability performance, and therefore reduced maintenance and longer lifecycles, could be anticipated from existing lightweight concrete bridge decks that were not intentionally internally cured. To facilitate performance comparison, each lightweight bridge deck selected for inclusion in this study was paired with a companion normalweight bridge deck on a bridge of similar structural type, deck thickness, and geometric configuration, with similar age, traffic, and environmental exposure. The field-observed cracking of the decks was recorded and evaluated, and crack densities for transverse, longitudinal, and pattern cracking of the normalweight and lightweight deck in each pair were compared. Although some trends linking crack prevalence to geographic location, traffic, and age were observed, a distinct difference between the cracking present in the paired lightweight and normalweight bridge decks included in this study was not readily evident. Statistical analysis using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) to adjust for age and traffic influence did not indicate that the type of concrete deck (lightweight or normalweight) is a statistically significant factor in the observed cracking. Therefore, for these service environments, lightweight decks did not consistently demonstrate reduced cracking.

수학 교과 재량활동시간의 효율적인 운영에 관한 연구 (A study of the efficient application of Discretion activity in Mathematics curriculum)

  • 김세라;김승동
    • 한국학교수학회논문집
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    • 제7권1호
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    • pp.121-138
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    • 2004
  • 본 논문에서는 제7차 교육과정의 특색중의 하나인 교과재량활동시간의 효율적 운영에 관하여 연구하였다. 교과재량 활동시간에 '함께가자! 우리' 프로그램의 운영을 통하여 다양한 수학에 대한 경험, 실생활을 소재로 한 수학문제, 수준별 협동학습 수학에 대한 흥미를 유발시켰으며, 1:1 맞춤학습에 의한 부담 없는 질문과 학습의 분위기 조성 등이 학생들의 자기주도적 학습력을 향상시키는데 많은 도움을 주었음을 알 수 있다.

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해결자·청취자 활동이 예비 화학교사의 지필평가 문항 제작 과정에서 고려된 교과교육학 지식(PCK) 구성 요소 사이의 상호작용에 미치는 영향 (The Influence of Paired Think-Aloud Problem Solving on Interactions among PCK Components Considered in the Processes of Making Written Test Items by Pre-Service Chemistry Teachers)

  • 박재성;강훈식;한재영
    • 한국과학교육학회지
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    • 제37권3호
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    • pp.429-440
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    • 2017
  • 이 연구에서는 해결자 청취자 활동이 예비 화학교사의 지필평가문항 제작 과정에서 고려된 교과교육학 지식(PCK) 구성 요소 사이의 상호작용에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 2명의 예비교사로 구성된 4개조의 해결자 청취자 활동을 통한 지필평가 문항 제작 활동을 분석한 결과, 해결자와 청취자 역할과 상관없이 PCK 구성 요소 중 과학 평가에 관한 지식 측면을 가장 많이 고려하였으며, 과학 내용에 관한 지식과 학생에 관한 지식 측면에 대한 고려도 비교적 많았다. 그러나 과학교육과정에 관한 지식과 과학 교수 전략에 관한 지식을 고려한 경우는 적었다. PCK 구성 요소 사이의 통합 수준에서는 PCK 구성 요소 중 2가지 측면 또는 3가지 측면의 통합이 다양한 유형으로 많이 나타났으며, 4가지 및 5가지 측면의 통합도 일부 나타났다. 그러나 과학교육과정에 관한 지식 측면 등을 포함한 통합은 비교적 적었으며, 과학 교수 전략에 관한 지식 측면을 포함한 통합은 매우 드물었다. 이를 통하여 예비교사의 지필평가 문항 제작 능력 신장 및 PCK 계발전략으로서 해결자 청취자 활동의 유용성, 제한점, 효과적인 활용방안에 대하여 논하였다.

통일신라시대(統一新羅時代) 불교건축(佛敎建築)의 변화(變化) (The Change in the Buddhist Architecture of the Unified Silla Period (668-935))

  • 김성우
    • 건축역사연구
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    • 제1권2호
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    • pp.68-84
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    • 1992
  • The development of Buddhist architectures of the Unified Silla period have been generally understood to have paired pagoda instead of one which had been popular until before the unification. Besides the stylistic categorization of paired pagoda system, there had been no further investigation reported concerning whether there was any detailed process of change within the development of paired pagoda style. This paper aims to identify such change inside the development of paired pagoda style, which, externally, seems to be the same pattern of site design maintained throughout the period of Unified Silla that lasted for about three centuries. Since the temple sites of study are in the same pattern of layout, the method of investigation has to be such that can identify the subtle changes that, in external appearance, are not easily discernible. Hence, this research compared the dimensions of important measurement of five temple sites to be able to clarify the process of minor changes. Among many sites of Silla temples, only five were suitable for the research since detailed measurement were possible through field research or the report of excavation. They are the sites of Sachonwang-sa, Mangduk-sa, site of Kunsuri, and Bulguk-sa. Although the five sites have the same style of paired pagoda, it is clear that there were consistant flow of change. Even though the motivation of such change were not strong enough to change the site pattern itself, it resulted continuous minor changes such as the size and location of architectures. The size of image hall, for example, was growing larger and larger as time goes on, while, the size of Pagoda was getting smaller. In the same way, the size of middle gate became smaller while the size of lecture hall became larger, although the rate of change in these cases were not as severe as that of image hall and pagoda. At the same time, pagoda was coming closer to the middle gate leaving larger space in front of the image hall. Such aspect is even more meaningful considering the fact that the pagoda, from the 8th century in Japan and China, moved outside of the major precinct. The image hall, too, moved toward the middle gate slightly so that the space in front of the lecture hall became more spacious. Such changes, of course, were not accidental but they are the same continuous motivation of change that caused the changes before the period of unification. Enlargement of image hall and reduction of pagoda, for example, represent the changing relative importance of religious meaning. Hence, it is evident that one can not easily imterprete the development of one style only by categorizing it to be one same style. In the veiwpoint of the underlying motivation of change, the fact that one style persisted for a certain period of time, does not mean there had been no change, but means that it was the time of motivational accumulation, causing minor changes within the same style, to be able to create major change coming after.

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중학교 화학에 적용한 해결자.·청취자 활동에서 의사소통 불안 수준에 따른 소집단 구성의 효과 (The Effect of Grouping by Communication Apprehension Level in Paired Think-Aloud Problem Solving for Middle School Chemistry)

  • 강훈식;이정순;김경순;전경문;노태희
    • 대한화학회지
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    • 제51권6호
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    • pp.569-576
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    • 2007
  • 이 연구에서는 해결자·청취자 활동에서 의사소통 불안 수준에 따른 소집단 구성의 효과를 조사했다. 수 업 전 중학교 3학년 세 학급(N=99)을 대상으로 의사소통 불안 검사를 실시한 후, 의사소통 불안 동질 집단과 이질 집단, 그리고 통제 집단으로 무선 배치했다. ‘화학 반응식의 계수 맞추기', ‘질량 보존의 법칙', ‘일정 성 분비의 법칙' 등에 관한 수업을 7차시 진행한 후, 화학 문제 해결력 검사 및 수업 처치에 대한 인식 검사를 실 시했다. 이원 변량 분석 결과, 화학 문제 해결력 검사의 점수에서 수업 처치와 학생들의 의사소통 불안 수준 사이의 상호작용 효과가 나타났다. 단순 효과 검증 결과, 의사소통 불안이 낮은 학생들의 경우 이질 집단의 평 균이 통제 집단보다 유의미하게 높았다. 그러나 학생들의 수업 처치에 대한 인식은 동질 집단에서 긍정적인 경 향이 있었다.

농촌거주 외짝가족의 식생활관리 -부부가족과의 비교- (The Odd Pair Family's Dietary management in rural, Korea - Comparison with the Pair Family -)

  • 이승교;원향례;정금주
    • 한국지역사회생활과학회지
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    • 제16권1호
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    • pp.89-103
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    • 2005
  • Recently the rural Korea has been remarkedly changed of family and social value in accordance with the development of industry. The lower economic class made by social economic growth is widespread with increasing aged, specially odd pair family in rural. The purpose of this study was to investigate to help and keep improve health of rural lower economic class, family system by comparing and analyzing the dietary management, between pair and odd pair family, and to get the data helpful the right guidance for rural. The subjects 1870 collected in 9 provinces by sampling with probability proportional to size (PPS). Questionnaire about dietary habit, food cultivation, production and preservation survey was conducted by trained interviewers. The main results were as follows : 1) The characteristics of odd pair families, head of household was female(77%), over 65 years(84.9%), small family(1.76 persons) and lower education(male 7.5 years, female 3.1 years) status. 2) As the states of diets of odd pair family, having breakfast(87.1 %) but one or two kinds of side dishes(31.3 %) only possible to guess lower status of food intake balance. Nutritional supplements(21. 7 %) was lower than that of paired family. 3) The aspects of dietary habit of odd pair family, no instant foods(70.7%), no snack(38.4%) no dine out(69.2%) were common. 4) Dietary habit scores were 7.78 points of odd pair family compared 8.34 points of paired family. 5) Food purchase place of odd pair family was market(44.2%) but super-market(42.7%) of paired family. 6)In odd pair family, seldom traditional dish preparation(62.0%) but prepared winter kimchi(81.9%), comparing seldom traditional dish(38.6%) and winter kimchi(96.4%) in paired family. 7)The food cultivation state was surveyed, pepper( 42.2 %) and chinese cabbage( 43.9 %) were consumed after cultivation, but sesame(59.4%), bean sprout(90.2%), tofu(92.8%) and egg(93.3%) were consumed by purchase in odd pair family.8) Food cultivation score of odd pair family was 2.98/12points significantly lower than 4.50/12 points of paired family(p<0.01). 9) At the status of fermentation food production in odd pair family, Duenjang(72.1 %) and Gochujang(69.7%) Kanjang(68.3%) Kimchi(82.1 %) and Meju(68.3%) were high rate of production, but more frequently producted in pair family. 10) The score of fermentation food production of odd pair family was 8.57/12points but significantly lower than 10.24/12 points of pair family(p<0.0001). 11) Food preservation score 0.48/6 points in odd pair family was not significantly different than that of pair family(1.07/6points).

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Blood and Body Fluid Exposure Related Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of Hospital Based Health Care Providers in United Arab Emirates

  • Zaidi, Moazzam Ali;Grifftths, Robin;Beshyah, Salem A.;Myers, Julie;Zaidi, Mukarram A.
    • Safety and Health at Work
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    • 제3권3호
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    • pp.209-215
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    • 2012
  • Objectives: Knowledge, attitudes, and practices of healthcare providers related to occupational exposure to bloodborne pathogens were assessed in a tertiary-care hospital in Middle East. Methods: A cross-sectional study was undertaken using a self-administered questionnaire based on 3 paired (infectivity known vs. not known-suspected) case studies. Only 17 out of 230 respondents had an exposure in the 12 months prior to the survey and of these, only 2 had complied fully with the hospital's exposure reporting policy. Results: In the paired case studies, the theoretical responses of participating health professionals showed a greater preference for initiating self-directed treatment with antivirals or immunisation rather than complying with the hospital protocol, when the patient was known to be infected. The differences in practice when exposed to a patient with suspected blood pathogens compared to patient known to be infected was statistically significant (p < 0.001) in all 3 paired cases. Failure to test an infected patient's blood meant that an adequate risk assessment and appropriate secondary prevention could not be performed, and reflected the unwillingness to report the occupational exposure. Conclusion: Therefore, the study demonstrated that healthcare providers opted to treat themselves when exposed to patient with infectious disease, rather than comply with the hospital reporting and assessment protocol.

동일연령쌍과 혼합연령쌍 유아의 또래 상호작용 유형 및 수준 비교 (A Comparison of Preschoolers' Peer Interaction Type and Level : According to Partner's Age)

  • 권혜진;이순형
    • 아동학회지
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    • 제26권6호
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    • pp.217-236
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    • 2005
  • The purpose of this study was to investigate whether preschoolers' peer interaction type and level differ depending on pair compositon and task type. Preschoolers' peer interaction type and level were compared among three kinds of pair compositions(with a Younger peer, with a same-age peer, and with an older peer) as well as between two types of tasks(tasks involving real objects, and tasks involving pictures). Subjects were seventy-eight four-year-old children recruited from six child-care centers in Seoul and Gyeonggi Province. The preschoolers were randomly assigned to one of the three kinds of pair compositions. Interaction processes of the pairs were recorded by a video camera, and the scenes were transcribed for content analyses. The traniscribed peer interactions were coded according to the categories that the researcher had generated. Statistical methods used for the data analysis were frequencies, percentiles, means, standard deviations, repeated measures ANOVA, paired t-tests, one-way ANOVA. Major findings of this study were as follows: There were significant differences preschoolers' in interaction type depending on the pair compositions and the types of tasks. The preschoolers paired with the older peer used abstract collaborative explanations more frequently than in two other types of pair composition. The preschoolers paired with the younger peer used explanations without collaboration and parallel behaviors more frequently than in two other types of pair composition.

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조기진통 사정 알고리즘은 실습 시 조기진통 관련 지식, 임상수행자신감, 교육만족도에 유효한가?: 유사실험 연구 (Does a preterm labor-assessment algorithm improve preterm labor-related knowledge, clinical practice confidence, and educational satisfaction?: a quasi-experimental study)

  • 최희영;김증임
    • 여성건강간호학회지
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    • 제29권3호
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    • pp.219-228
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    • 2023
  • Purpose: Preterm birth is increasing, and obstetric nurses should have the competency to provide timely care. Therefore, training is necessary in the maternal nursing practicum. This study aimed to investigate the effects of practice education using a preterm-labor assessment algorithm on preterm labor-related knowledge and clinical practice confidence in senior nursing students. Methods: A pre-post quasi-experimental design with three groups was used for 61 students. The preterm-labor assessment algorithm was modified into three modules from the preterm-labor assessment algorithm by March of Dimes. We evaluated preterm labor-related knowledge, clinical practice confidence, and educational satisfaction. Data were analyzed with the paired t-test and repeated-measures analysis of variance. Results: The practice education using a preterm-labor assessment algorithm significantly improved both preterm labor-related knowledge and clinical practice confidence (paired t=-7.17, p<.001; paired t=-5.51, p<.001, respectively). The effects of the practice education using a preterm-labor assessment algorithm on knowledge lasted until 8 weeks but decreased significantly at 11 and 13 weeks after the program, while the clinical practice confidence significantly decreased at 8 weeks post-program. Conclusion: The practice education using a preterm-labor assessment algorithm was effective in improving preterm labor-related knowledge and clinical practice confidence. The findings suggest that follow-up education should be conducted at 8 weeks, or as soon as possible thereafter, to maintain knowledge and clinical confidence, and the effects should be evaluated.

중풍칠처혈(中風七處穴) 자침(刺鍼)이 뇌혈류(腦血流)에 미치는 영향 (Effect of Seven Points of CVA Acupuncture on Cerebral Blood Flow)

  • 이순호;신경호;김종욱
    • Journal of Acupuncture Research
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    • 제21권3호
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    • pp.83-97
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    • 2004
  • Objective : This study was performed to evaluate the effect acupuncture on cerebral blood flow by Transcranial Doppler Ultrasonography(TCD). Methods : Monitoring of TCD was examined in stroke patients before and after acupuncture on seven points of CVA. Mean Velocity, pulsatility index, systolic velocity, diastolic velocity values are analyzed from TCD at middle cerebral artery. Results : The results showed a insignificant(p>0.05: Paired T-test) decrease in mean velocity, pulsatility index, systolic velocity, diastolic velocity, which was measured at normal middle cerebral artery. The results showed a significant($p{\leq}0.05$: Paired T-test) decrease in mean velocity, pulsatility index, systolic velocity, which was measured at injuried middle cerebral artery, except diastolic velocity. Conclusion : These results suggest that acupuncture could have a specific effect on injuried cerebral artery.

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