• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
• /
• v.19 no.2
• /
• pp.231-240
• /
• 2006

It is well understood that a paired comparison (paired t test) provides better precision than a group comparison (two-sample t test), when the pairing is effective (the variation within a pair is small). However, when the variation among the pairs is sufficiently small, the group comparison is likely to yield a better result. To get a statistical explanation of this, we examine the two methods through an analogy to one-way and two-way analysis of variance. We introduce a new measure, R statistic, which is the ratio of their confidence interval lengths, as a quantitative criterion for comparing the two methods. The distribution of the Rf statistic is described by t and F distribution functions. Through this characterization, we show that the paired comparison can be better than group comparison when the variation among the pairs is statistically significantly large.

• Journal of the Korean Statistical Society
• /
• v.33 no.1
• /
• pp.79-97
• /
• 2004

We propose a permutation approach to the classic Behrens-Fisher problem of comparing two means in the presence of unequal variances. It is motivated by the observation that a paired test is valid whether or not the variances are equal. Rather than using a single arbitrary pairing of the data, we average over all possible pairings. We do this in both a parametric and nonparametric setting. When the sample sizes are equal, the parametric version is equivalent to referral of the unpaired t-statistic to a t-table with half the usual degrees of freedom. The derivation provides an interesting representation of the unpaired t-statistic in terms of all possible pairwise t-statistics. The nonparametric version uses the same idea of considering all different pairings of data from the two groups, but applies it to a permutation test setting. Each pairing gives rise to a permutation distribution obtained by relabeling treatment and control within pairs. The totality of different mean differences across all possible pairings and relabelings forms the null distribution upon which the p-value is based. The conservatism of this procedure diminishes as the disparity in variances increases, disappearing completely when the ratio of the smaller to larger variance approaches 0. The nonparametric procedure behaves increasingly like a paired t-test as the sample sizes increase.

• Proceedings of the Korean Statistical Society Conference
• /
• 2003.10a
• /
• pp.173-177
• /
• 2003

When we have both a paired data set and two independent data sets, neither a paired t-test nor a two-sample t-test can be used to detect differences between two samples. In order to identify differentially expressed genes in a mixed data set, a new test statistic is proposed.

• The Journal of the Korean dental association
• /
• v.52 no.9
• /
• pp.558-569
• /
• 2014

Sample size determination is critical, but not easy to do. Sample size defined as the number of observations in a sample to be studied should be big enough to have a high likelihood of detecting a true difference between groups. Practical procedure for determining sample size, using $G^*$power and previous dental articles, was shown in this study. Examples involving independent t-test, paired t-test, one-way analysis of variance(ANOVA), and one-way repeated-measures(RM) ANOVA were used. The purpose of this study is to enable researchers with non-statistical backgrounds to use in practice freely available statistical software G*power to determine sample size and power.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
• /
• v.20 no.4
• /
• pp.493-500
• /
• 2011

This study investigates the relationship between Asian dust and asthma disease in Seoul, using data of Asian dust occurrences and the number of treatments for asthma between 2005 and 2008. The data include the number of treatments for asthma on the basic day paired with the average number of treatments for asthma on the compared days. The compared day is defined by the day of no Asian dust in same month and day of the week as the basic day, when Asian dust occurs. Also, the basic day is expanded to the day after three days from the day of Asian dust. The paired two sample t-test for the number of treatments for asthma on the basic day and the compared days revealed that the Asian dust occurrences are correlated with the asthma disease. The number of treatments for asthma is significantly increased on the one and two days after Asian dust occurs. On the other hand, there's no significant difference in the number of treatments for asthma between the days of Asian dust occurrence and the days of no Asian dust, which implies that people usually try not to go out when Asian dust occurs.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
• /
• v.18 no.2
• /
• pp.83-91
• /
• 2002

Reproductive cycle of natural population and artificial control experiments of gonadal development by the conditions of water temperatures-feeding and starvation of Ruditapes philippinarum were investigated by histological observations. The reproductive cycle of natural population in females and males can be categorized into five successive stages; early active (February to March), late active (April to May), ripe (April to August), partially spawned (May to October), and spent-inactive stage (August to March). In the artificial control experiments, gonadal development of this species was inhibited by the low water temperature (10$^{\circ}C$). In the experimental group which was exposed to artificial high water temperatures of 19$^{\circ}C$ and 22$^{\circ}C$, gonadal development was accelerated by the higher water temperatures and was faster (about one month) than that in natural populations. In the high water temperatures-feeding experimental group, the gonadal developmental phase was faster in the small-size group than that in the large-size group, and was faster in lower water temperature (10$^{\circ}C$)(p=0.01). The gonad developmental phases in the high water temperature (22-28$^{\circ}C$)-starvation experimental group showed faster (paired sample t-test, p=0.004) than those in the high water temperature-feeding group in females and males. In the high water temperature-feeding experimental group of female and male gonadal developments of small sized group were more sensitive than those in large sized group after 42 days cultivation, However, the gonadal development of male was more sensitive to the lower water temperature than female. On the whole, sexual maturation in the high water temperature experimental group was faster than those in the low water temperature group, and showed a significant difference (paired sample t-test, p=0.001) between female and male. In the starvation experimental group after 42 days, gonadal developments in the high water temperature-large male group showed faster than those in the high water temperature-large female group. However, in small size, gonad developmental phases showed the same pattern between feeding and starvation experimental groups. During the main spawning season, in the high water temperature-starvation experimental groups in females and males, their gonadal development showed faster than that in higher water temperature-feeding experimental group regardless of their sexes and individual sizes and showed a significant difference (paired sample t-test, p=0.004).

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
• /
• v.4 no.1
• /
• pp.23-32
• /
• 1988

The exposure level of respirable dust and silica for the coal workers of underground coal mines in Taebaek area was evaluated. Personal air samplers were attached to the coal workers-drillers, coal cutters, their helpers, haulers, and separators. Normality and lognormality of respirable dust and silica concentrations were tested by Kolmogorov-Smirnov one-sample test, differences of means of respirable dust and silica concentration were tested by group-t-test and paired t-test, and relation between respirable dust and silica concentration were tested by regression test.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
• /
• v.13 no.3
• /
• pp.501-510
• /
• 2010

The knowledge base on emotional information is one of the key elements in the implementation of emotion retrieval systems for contents design of Mobile devices. This study proposed a new approach to the knowledge base implementation by automatically extracting color components from full-color images. In this study, the validity of the proposed method was empirically tested. Database was developed using 100 interior images as visual stimuli and a total of 48 subjects participated in the experiment. In order to test the reliability of the proposed 'emotional information knowledge base', firstly 'recall ratio' that refers to frequencies of correct images from the retrieved images was derived. Secondly, correlation Analysis was performed to compare the ratings by the subjects to what the system calculated. Finally, the rating comparison was used to run a paired-sample t-test. The analysis demonstrated satisfactory recall ration of 62.1%. Also, a significant positive correlation (p<.01) was observed from all the emotion keywords. The paired Sample t-test found that all the emotion keywords except "casual" retrieved the images in the order from more relevant to less relevant images and the difference was statistically significant (t(9)=5.528, p<.05). Findings of this study support that the proposed 'emotional information knowledge base' established only with color information automatically extracted from images can be effectively used for such visual stimuli search tasks as commercial interior images.

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
• /
• v.15 no.2
• /
• pp.131-138
• /
• 2013

PURPOSES : The intents of the study are to identify the accident factors and to demonstrate the potentials of tobit model as a tool to study the number of accidents on arterial roads segments. METHODS : This paper uses a tobit regression as a methodology to analyze the factors affecting the number of accidents. In pursuing the above goal, this study gives particular attentions to analyzing the data of 2,446 accidents (1,610 in major arterial roads and 836 in minor arterial roads) occurred on arterial roads in 2007 to 2010. RESULTS : First, 3 accident models which were classified by total arterial roads, major arterial roads and minor arterial roads, and were all statistically significant were developed. Second, the exclusive right-turn lane as common variable, and the number of accident, traffic volume, number of lanes, link length, rate of median, number of entrances, number of pedestrian crossings, number of curves, number of bus stops and exclusive left-turn as specific variables of the models were selected. Finally, the paired sample t-test could not be rejected the null hypotheses of three types of models. CONCLUSIONS : Using data from vehicle accidents on arterial roads, the estimation results show that many factors related to roadway geometrics and traffic characteristics significantly affect to the number of accidents.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• v.63 no.6
• /
• pp.1443-1452
• /
• 2021

This study aimed to investigate the effects of the multimodal group intervention that combined animal-assisted therapy (AAT) and integrated play therapy (IPT) on depression and self-esteem in undergraduate university students. The subjects were 40 students attending animal-related and social welfare departments of universities located in a metropolitan city. The multimodal intervention program was conducted for eight sessions (twice a week, 60 min each) in the experimental group. Data analysis was conducted using the independent sample t-test, ANCOVA, and paired sample t-test for pre- and post-test. Therefore, the multimodal intervention program applying AAT and IPT showed positive effects on depression and self-esteem in university students. Based on these results, this study proposed the operation of multidisciplinary education and practical and policy utilization methods to reduce depression among university students and help improve their self-esteem.