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A Study on the Genre Painting by Gisan Kim, Jun-Geun as Export Painting (수출회화로서 기산 김준근(箕山 金俊根) 풍속화 연구)

  • Kim, Soo-Young
    • The Journal of Art Theory & Practice
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    • no.8
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    • pp.89-119
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    • 2009
  • Kim, Jun-Geun(Gisan) was a late 19th century Chosen dynasty painter who created numerous genre paintings for West European clients in the newly opened treaty ports of Wonsan, Busan and Inchon. The treaty ports in the late 19th century Chosen represented of the crossroads the economy, values, and the institutions of the West European powers. In particular, the agriculture-based economy, Confucianism, and land-owner noble class started being eroded by a commerce-based economy, the values of Christianity, West European institution, and a new class of people who amassed wealth from commerce. As Kim, Jun-Geun's paintings were created for sale to West European clients, they exhibit characteristics that are distinct from the traditional genre paintings in terms of presentation style and the selection of the subject matters. The export genre painting originated in the 18th century around Guangdong, China. Broadly, there are two styles of genre paintings: the Guangzhou style and Ningbo style. Kim, Jun-Geun's paintings resemble the Ningbo style. The Ningbo style tends to highlight the main subjects, form an album of small paintings, and provide a simple treatment of the scenes without the background. Kim, Jun-Geun's paintings cover most aspects of life of common people of his time, ranging well beyond the subjects matters of the traditional genre paintings. His subject matters include the scenes of funeral, folk games, Buddhist and ancestor worship, prison and punishment, shaman custom, debauchees, government officials' formal trips, beggars and handicapped, etc. Many of the subjects are the neglected and the oppressed of the society. And he presents in detail the dress and its ornament that the subjects wear, and all the utensils and things around them. Besides, his subjects' faces are generally expressionless, and their postures are stiff; as such, the feeling of liveliness or movement is lacking. It may be the results of Kim, Jun-Geun's taking the other perspective, namely of his West European clients, rather than his own. The adoption of the other perspective may in turn be a product of the Social Darwinism and the new sense of values that accompanied the infusion of Christianity and West European institutions. Kim, Jun-Geun's portrayals of his subjects appear to reflect the attributes with which the West European Orientalists' of the period characterized the people of the Far East, namely, backwardness, barbarity, irrationality, violence, and mysticism.

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The Living Theatre: A History Study of Its Birth and Death (리빙 씨어터: 탄생과 소멸에 관한 사적(史的) 연구)

  • Kim, Jung-hyo
    • Journal of Korean Theatre Studies Association
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    • no.40
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    • pp.207-237
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    • 2010
  • Concentrating on the birth, life, and death of the Living Theatre, almost half a century avant-garde group, the primary purpose of this study at large is to explore its counter-cultural philosophy. While taking a chronological form adapting the biological order, the paper focuses on the troupe's productions: , , , , and . Through out these productions the philosophy of the Living Theatre seemed to included communal, anti-intellectual, politically radical, generally Utopian, and proselytizers for sexual freedom. The history of the Living Theatre interestingly parallels the history of the Beck's theatre in occupation and shut down. The first New York theatre was closed by fire inspectors for instance. The second theatre was declared unsafe, and locked up by the Building Department. The third theatre was seized by the IRS, consequently shut down. In 1984, after more than 25years from the third building, the Living Theatre settled once again on East Third Street in Manhattan. The theatre was however evacuated by the New York City Fire Department in 1993 and once more took to the road. With these struggles, the Becks' profound aspiration of the counter-cultural insurgency came to harden as strong as 'iron' in some ways. With the outstanding components of counter-cultural philosophy and style, the Living Theatre, in the course of the transformation, absorbed and then reflected virtually every phase for the Living Theatre were vehicles for more than just aesthetics. The group seemed to propagandize its beliefs rather performing productions. Accordingly, both on and off-stage action of the Living Theatre caused great controversy either through political activism of individual members or through the unconventional collective life style. No avant-garde theatre company was more emblematic of the rebellious spirit of the sixties than the Living Theatre. Like the first great transformation, the Becks' encounter, their personal values and the form of theatre they created had blended 'so inextricably that the vitality of each was dependent on the other.' The Becks always urged unity and harmony at all levels of human life, but not at any price. The anticapitalist ideal inspired the Becks to promote a politically motivated campaign throughout their productions. They believed the revolution is desirable but in the state of non-violence and the expansion of human consciousness. Julian Beck's gravestone identifies his as pet, painter, actor, and anarchist. The Living Theatre was a 'small umbrella' under which the Becks and its members could breath and unfold their dream on stage or in the street.

The evolvement of new composition of painting in Gwaebul (Buddhist Ceremonial Painting) at late Joseon dynasty (조선 말기 괘불(掛佛)의 새로운 도상(圖像) 전개)

  • Yi, Un-hui
    • Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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    • v.38
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    • pp.223-284
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    • 2005
  • Gwaebul, created during late Joseon dynasty, especially from 1885 to 1926, now exist 18 ones. And 12 of them are owned by Buddhist temples located in Seoul city and Gyeonggido province. Royal Tomb praised and Royal household praised Buddhist temples in early Joseon dynasty were supported by Royal Family. As a renovation of Buddhist temples by king Taejong's reign(1400-1418), they became impoverished with reduced Buddhist ceremony. But they maintained their lives in intimate connection with royal family, and went prosperous from late 18th century. At that times, a new trend in Gwaebul appeared, which have popular idea for wishing peace of the dead, the nation and the royal family. The new composition of painting expressed in Gwaebul starts in Amitabha-Triad paintings which carved in first volume of ${\ll}$Amita-yohaegyeong${\gg}$ made of wooden plate. And Gi-heoh(A.D. 1820-1872) carved it in 1853 at Naewonam Buddhist hermitage of Samgaksan mountain And a return of Suwolgwaneumdo which had been popularized in late Goryo dynasty is worth noticing as a new issue of late Joseon dynasty. It is related with a composition of Gwaebul that expressed 'a leading the dead to the good', a Buddhist consciousness of falsehood and fancy. The saturated and blurred style of painting, the fact that centralization-powered lineage of painter who used composition of multi-used basic pattern, are characteristics of this period.

A Study on the Jo Hee-Ryong's work in Writing and Painting's Aesthetic - In relation to the term of banishment(1851~1853) on Imja Island- (조희룡(趙熙龍)의 집필활동(執筆活動)과 회화심미(繪畵審美) 고찰 - 임자도(荏子島) 유배기(流配期)(1851~1853)와 관련하여...-)

  • Kim, Doyoung
    • The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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    • v.5 no.2
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    • pp.279-286
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    • 2019
  • Jo, Hee-ryong(1789-1866), who was given the title of "boss of the world handling a China inkt" in the late Joseon Dynasty, was from a noble family, but he claimed to be a yeohang-in himself. The byeoggyesa was formed based on Jong-in and they are engaged in literary activities. Hee-ryong Jo, "I do not follow people's back" is the art spirit of my life. The theory of the Holy Spirit has inspired emotion or inspiration as the essence of art. He pursued original aesthetics of painting with the true nature and personality as important. During his early 60s, the period of banishment for about three years had a profound impact on the identity and direction of his art world. During this period, he wrote four volumes, including "Hwaguamlanmug", "Uhaeagamgo", "Sugyeongjaehaeoejeogdog", "Hanwaheonjehwajabjon" and among his paintings with 19 paintings, eight paintings were produced, including "Hwangsannaengundo", "Bangunlimsansudo", "Maehwaseoogdo". These works reveal the Playful sokmi sprit, the grotesque of manual dexterity, and the aesthetic of painting through the natural divergence of natural nature.

Exploring the Humanistic Practice of Je Baek-seok (齊白石(제백석)의 인학(印學)적 실천 탐색)

  • Zhu, Yuanye
    • The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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    • v.9 no.1
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    • pp.427-436
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    • 2023
  • Je Baek-seok, who is well versed in poetry, calligraphy, painting, and sculpture, has established himself as the most outstanding painter and pavilion in the history of modern and contemporary Chinese art. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the art of the pavilion was developed greatly during the enlightenment period, with the emergence of many masters of the pavilion, including Jeonggyeong, Hwanghwangseokyeo, Oyangji, Jo Ji-gyeom, Hwang Mok-bo, and Oh Chang-seok. Je Baek-seok formed an original ritual under this social background. Je Baek-seok's tactics were formed by imitating works from the Hanwi period, and he harmonized Jin Kwon, Sopan, and Janggunin while using the penmanship of the Cheonbal Shinchambi based on the "Sasam Gongsanbi." In addition, by boldly using the Danipdo method, it is possible to use the human face as much as possible while fully exhibiting the artistry of calligraphy and adding to the atmosphere of gold stone. This paper mainly analyzed and reviewed the process of Je Baek-seok's transcription transformation and humanities practice from two aspects. First, it is planned to summarize the process of Je Baek-seok's transformation into a Jeonseo. Second, Je Baek-seok's humanities practice was analyzed. This paper will further understand Je Baek-seok's humanistic ideas and practical search by clarifying the originality of Je Baek-seok's engraving art with examples of Je Baek-seok's works, and it is believed that this will provide future scholars with learning paths and rich experiences.

Development of Native Local Foods in Chungcheongnam-do by Storytelling (스토리텔링을 통한 충남향토음식 개발 연구 - '무령왕 수라상'과 '몽유도원 밥상'을 중심으로 -)

  • Kim, Mi-Hye;Chung, Hae-Kyung
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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    • v.25 no.3
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    • pp.270-284
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    • 2010
  • The objective of this study was to familiarize people with the native local food of Chungnam Province by developing its regional food as a culture resource. Native Local Food Search and luxury itemization based on regionally-characterized stories enhances self-perception of the national culture, promotes appropriate local images to the public, and contributes to the local economy by increasing regional tourism. Therefore, this study researched local stories of cultural significance, that is, those connected to the history and originality of Chungnam Province, and developed contents related to Chungnam native local food. Features of the native local food were introduced by a story telling method in order to appeal to the five senses. The story was composed for easy understanding of the value of food, and the brand image of Chungnam was developed based on representative historical stories of the region. In this study, the following were developed as representative images of Chungnam: 'Royal meal table of King Moo-ryung' in Kongju was presented by recomposing the story of King Moo-ryung, a famouns king of the Baekje era; 'Mong-yoo-do-won's rice meal table' was introduced via Mongyoo-do-won's painting by Kyeon An, a famous painter of the Chosun era who was born in Seosan. The 'Royal meal table of King Moo-ryung' was set with food made from local farm products, demonstrating the flavor and elegance of the Baekje era. 'Mong-yoo-do-won's rice meal table' resembled Kyeon An's Mong-yoo-do-won-do, which has a background featuring early spring. The rice table was designed to remind people of a flamboyant painting like a scattered peach blossom leaf in the early spring. To verify the health effectiveness of each rice table, the function of each ingredient was investigated through 'Sik-ryo-chan-yo:a dietary treatment', which was published by Soon-Ui Cheon during the Chosan era. According to the results, most of ingredients are certainly beneficial to health, as was recognized in the early Choson era.

The Cultural Meanings of the first optical insturment, Camera obscura, in the pre-modern Age (최초의 영상기구, 카메라 옵스쿠라의 문화사적 의미)

  • LEE, Sang-Myon
    • Korean Association for Visual Culture
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    • v.16
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    • pp.131-161
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    • 2010
  • This thesis investigates the cultural meanings of the first optical instrument, Camera obscura, in the pre-modern age, while it explains the development as well as the use of the Camera obscura in Europe and Korea. For this purpose the thesis traces the significant phases of the historical developments of the Camera obscura from L. da Vinci, G. B. della Porta, D. Barbaro, A. Kircher to J. Zahn etc. The Camera obscura was not only the symbolic instrument of the modernism in the sense that human being wanted to observe the outer world by himself and to be freed from the viewpoint of the christianity, but also was the forerunner of the modern visual culture, because it first time reproduced the artificial image of the natural world. Since the second half of the 17th century the box-type reflex Camera obscura had been produced, it began to be used as aid to drawing for painters like J. Vermeer, A. Canaletto and J. Reynolds etc. throughout Europe. It tells the evidence of the close relation between art and technology in the pre-modern age. Around the end of the 18th century the Camera obscura was brought to Korea, the closed country of the Fareast, by the scholars of the so-called 'Realist school' (Silhak-pa) who went to Beijing to acquire knowledges on the Western science from the European priests. In 1780s Yak-yong JUNG, one of the representative scholars of the Realist school, experimented the Camera obscura, and then, it was used for sketches of higher aristocrats' portraits by the supreme portrait painter of that time, Myoung-ki LEE. Those were possible only under the reign of the culturally liberal and reformative King, Jung-jo (ruled 1776-1800), and after his retreatment the inquiry of the Camera obscura had been dimished. It is not a historical coincidence that the Camera obscura could be examined and used in the period of the Enlightment both in Europe and Korea.

The Relationship of European Landscape Painting and the Scientific (Visual) Instruments in the Pre-modern Period: On the Using of Camera obscura and Camera lucida in the Artistic Works by Canaletto·Sandby·Talbot (근대 유럽 풍경화와 과학(영상)기구의 연관성 - 카날레토·샌드비·탈보트의 미술작업에서 카메라 옵스쿠라와 카메라 루시다의 사용에 대해)

  • LEE, Sangmyon
    • Korean Association for Visual Culture
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    • v.23
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    • pp.329-368
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    • 2013
  • This thesis investigates the relationship of the 18th century European landscape painting and the scientific (optical) instruments like Camera obscura and Camera lucida. Based on the fact that some landscape painters, 'veduta painters', at that times might have used or surely used these optical instruments in their sketches/drawings, it explores the reasons for using them and their working process with them, and analyses the advantages/disadvantages here as well as the aesthetic problems in the cases of the Italian painter Antonio Canaletto (or Canal, 1697-1768), the British topographic artist Thomas Sandby (1721-98) and the British chemist/optician Willian Henry Fox Talbot (1800-77). Advantages of using Camera obscura/lucida are rapidity in drawing, truthful representation of nature/reality and 'accurate' fulfilling of perspectival structures. But partly 'inaccurate' or simplified depictions as disadvantages can be traced in drawings/sketches made by using these instruments. Another problem lie in the subordination of the artistic work to the technical devices, but for artists still remain the creative working process in painting like coloring, tone and chiaroscuro etc. Therefore, it can be maintained that the optical instruments have played a role of the subsidiary tool as an aid to painting.

A Comparative Study on Buddhist Painting, MokWooDo (牧牛圖: PA Comparative Study on Buddhist Painting, MokWooDo (牧牛圖: Painting of Bull Keeping) and Confucian/Taoist Painting, SipMaDo (十馬圖: Painting of Ten Horses) - Focused on SimBeop (心法: Mind Control Rule) of the Three Schools: Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism -nd Control Rule) of the Three Schools: Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism - (불가(佛家) 목우도(牧牛圖)와 유·도(儒·道) 십마도(十馬圖) 비교 연구 - 유불도(儒佛道) 삼가(三家)의 심법(心法)을 중심으로 -)

  • Park, So-Hyun;Lee, Jung-Han
    • Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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    • v.40 no.4
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    • pp.67-80
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    • 2022
  • SipWooDo (十牛圖: Painting of Ten Bulls), a Buddhist painting, is a kind of Zen Sect Buddhism painting, which is shown as a mural in many of main halls of Korean Buddhist temples. MokWooDo has been painted since Song Dynasty of China. It paints a cow, a metaphor of mind and a shepherd boy who controls the cow. It comes also with many other types of works such as poetry called GyeSong, HwaWoonSi and etc. That is, it appeared as a pan-cultural phenomenon beyond ideology and nation not limited to Chinese Buddhist ideology of an era. This study, therefore, selects MokWooDo chants that represent Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism to compare the writing purposes, mind discipline methods and ultimate goals of such chant literatures in order to integrate and comprehend the ideologies of such three schools in the ideologically cultural aspect, which was not fully dealt with in the existing studies. In particular, the study results are: First, the SipWooDo of Buddhist School is classified generally into Bo Myoung's MokWooDo and Kwak Ahm's SimWooDo (尋牛圖: Painting of Searching out a Bull). Zen Sect Buddhism goes toward nirvana through enlightenment. Both MokWooDo and SimWooDo of Buddhist School are the discipline method of JeomSu (漸修: Discipline by Steps). They were made for SuSimJeungDo (修心證道: Enlightenment of Truth by Mind Discipline), which appears different in HwaJe (畫題: Titles on Painting) and GyeSong (偈頌: Poetry Type of Buddhist Chant) between Zen Sect Buddhism and Doctrine Study Based Buddhism, which are different from each other in viewpoints. Second, Bo Myoung's MokWooDo introduces the discipline processes from MiMok (未牧: Before Tamed) to JinGongMyoYu (眞空妙有: True Vacancy is not Separately Existing) of SsangMin (雙泯: the Level where Only Core Image Appears with Every Other Thing Faded out) that lie on the method called BangHalGiYong (棒喝機用: a Way of Using Rod to Scold). On the other side, however, it puts its ultimate goal onto the way to overcome even such core image of SsangMin. Third, Kwak Ahm's SimWooDo shows the discipline processes of JeomSu from SimWoo (尋牛: Searching out a Bull) to IpJeonSuSu (入鄽垂手: Entering into a Place to Exhibit Tools). That is, it puts its ultimate goal onto HwaGwangDongJin (和光同塵: Harmonized with Others not Showing your own Wisdom) where you are going together with ordinary people by going up to the level of 'SangGuBori (上求菩提: Discipline to Go Up to Gain Truth) and HaHwaJungSaeng (下化衆生: Discipline to Go Down to Be with Ordinary People)' through SaGyoIpSeon (捨敎入禪: Entering into Zen Sect Buddhism after Completing a Certain Volume of Doctrine Study), which are working for leading the ordinary people of all to finding out their Buddhist Nature. Fourth, Shimiz Shunryu (清水春流)'s painting YuGaSipMaDo (儒家十馬圖: Painting of Ten Horses of Confucian School) borrowed Bo Myoung's MokWooDo. That is, it borrowed the terms and pictures of Buddhist School. However, it features 'WonBulIpYu (援佛入儒: Enlightenment of Buddhist Nature by Confucianism)', which is based on the process of becoming a greatly wise person through Confucian study to go back to the original good nature. From here, it puts its goal onto becoming a greatly wise person, GunJa who is completely harmonized with truth, through the study of HamYang (涵養: Mind Discipline by Widening Learning and Intelligence) that controls outside mind to make the mind peaceful. Its ultimate goal is in accord with "SangCheonJiJae, MuSeongMuChee (上天之載, 無聲無臭: Heaven Exists in the Sky Upward; It is Difficult to Get the Truth of Nature, which has neither sound nor smell)' words from Zhōngyōng. Fifth, WonMyeongNhoYin (圓明老人)'s painting SangSeungSuJinSamYo (上乘修真三要: Painting of Three Essential Things to Discipline toward Truth) borrowed Bo Myoung's MokWooDo while it consists of totally 13 sheets of picture to preach the painter's will and preference. That is, it features 'WonBulIpDo (援佛入道: Following Buddha to Enter into Truth)' to preach the painter's doctrine of Taoism by borrowing the pictures and poetry type chants of Buddhist School. Taoism aims to become a miraculously powerful Taoist hermit who never dies by Taoist healthcare methods. Therefore, Taoists take the mind discipline called BanHwanSimSeong (返還心性: Returning Back to Original Mind Nature), which makes Taoists go ultimately toward JaGeumSeon (紫金仙) that is the original origin by changing into a saint body that is newly conceived with the vital force of TaeGeuk abandoning the existing mind and body fully. This is a unique feature of Taoism, which puts its ultimate goal onto the way of BeopShinCheongJeong (法身淸淨: Pure and Clean Nature of Buddha) that is in accord with JiDoHoiHong (至道恢弘: Getting to Wide and Big Truth).

Fernand Khnopff's Belgian Symbolism and Nationalism in I Lock My Door upon Myself (페르낭 크노프(Fernand Khnopff)의 작품에 나타난 벨기에 상징주의와 내셔널리즘)

  • Chung, Y.-Shim
    • The Journal of Art Theory & Practice
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    • no.9
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    • pp.171-193
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    • 2010
  • This paper examines Fernand Khnopff's Symbolism, focusing on the I Lock My Door upon Myself as a manifesto of his artistic credo in style and theme. Its title was originally in English, originating from the poem "Who Shall Deliver Me?" by Dante Gabriel Rossetti's sister Christina Rossetti. I use the term "Social Symbolism" which combines a nationalist perspective with traditional French Symbolism, in order to explain how the image of Bruges is represented in his oeuvre. Symbolism calls for psychological introspection evoking death, love, silence, and solitude and recluse from realty in pursuit of the Unknown and the Ideal. Although Khnopff shared this idea, he departed from symbolist tradition by incorporating a political milieu in his paintings. First, I discuss Khnopff's early stage in the formation of his artistic concept, including his family background as well as his early opportunity to visit the Exposition Universelle in Paris where he formed his early interests in aesthetics, philosophy, literature, mythology and Egyptian art. His early works, La Painture, la Musique, la Poesie(1880-1881), Le Crise(1881), and En ecoutant Schuman(1883) reveal his favorite subjects which were quite prevalent in the symbolist traditions of both Belgium and France. By looking at Khnopff's paintings, I endeavor to situate his Symbolism in the context of the development of Belgian modernity and cultural nationalism. Second, my analysis of Khnopff creates a new overview of Symbolism in Europe, especially in Belgium. In the absence of socio-political integration, the Symbolist painter adds nostalgic meaning to the landscape of Bruges. The scene of Bruges illuminates the social atmosphere in Belgium at that time. Since Belgium became an independent country, it tried to differentiate its own cultural and national identity from France. There was a powerful social movement for Belgium to claim its own identity, language, and culture. Bruges was, for Symbolists, the epitome of Belgium's past glory. This encouraged the formation of Belgian nationalism centering on Brussels, as I demonstrate in Khnopff's Bruges-la-Morte(1892). The relationship between Symbolist artist and writers is crucial for understanding this development. Khnopff, for instance, illustrated or provided frontispieces for many Symbolist writers such as Rodenbach, Peladan, Spencer and Le Roy. Khnopff did not objectify the exact meaning, but rather provided his own subjective interpretation. In this respect, I Lock My Door, inspired by Rossetti, started from the same motif, but Khnopff seeked escape into silence and death while Rossetti searched for Christian salvation. Finally my paper deals with the social context in which Khnopff worked. He was a founding member of Les XX in 1883 and later La Libre Esthethetique he also participated in the exhibition of le Salon de la Rose + Croix. Les XX was not a particular school of art and did not have a uniform manifesto, but its exhibitions focused on decorative arts by encompassing art for all people via common, everyday objects. The Periodical, L'art moderne was founded to support this ideal by Edmond Picard and Maux. Les XX declared art as independent art, detached from all official connections. Khnopff designed the 1890 catalogue cover of Les XX and the 1891 cover. These designs show decorative element of Art Nouveau in an early example of "modern poster." Les XX pursued all art including graphic arts, prints, placard, posters and book illustrations and design. These forms of art were l'art social and this movement was formed by the social atmosphere in Belgium in terms of social reforms and strikes by working class. Khnopff designed the book cover for la Maison du Peuple. The artist, however, did not share the ideal egalitarianism of the working class to a certain degree, while he was working in his villa he designed under the ideal motto, "on n'a pas que," he expressed the nihilistic emotions toward society by the theme of interiority such as solitude, silence, narcissism, introspection, and introversion. In the middle of his Symbolism, we find the "cultural nostalgia" or longing that the artist develops in the I Lock My Door upon Myself. Khnopff's longing toward the lost city of "Bruges" form the crux of his "Social Symbolism."

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