• Title/Summary/Keyword: Paint Pigment

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The Adaptation of Sangrokhadan Technique on the Color Painting of Wooden Buildings in the Goryeo Dynasty (고려시대 목조건축물의 상록하단(上綠下丹) 단청기법 수용)

  • Lee, Eun-Hee
    • Journal of architectural history
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    • v.25 no.5
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    • pp.15-25
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    • 2016
  • The color that painted on the ground of Dancheong becomes Gachil(basecoat)-Dancheong and underpainting of Moro-Dancheong or Geum-Dancheong. So, the color of underpainting is the most important element that determines impression of the building. Thus, the architecture after using "Sangrokhadan" has different characters from what it had been. In the existing perception toward the background color of Dancheong, it was considered the characters of Korean Dancheong so-called "Sangrokhadan" that paint vertical elements like columns red and upper part of the columns green. But this study examined the color of Dancheong according to the era and region before and after Goryeo Dynasty era, then it reveals that Sangrokhadan technique was applied from the 14th century in the late Goryeo Dynasty. One of the Goryeo architecture, Geungnakjeon Hall of Bongjeongsa Temple is thought to be a previous style that is not applied "Sangrokhadan" technique because old elements are painted red pigment.

The Cause of Whitening by Flame Retardants Treatment on Korean Wooden Cultural Heritage

  • Kim, Jin Qyu;Chung, Yong Jae;Lee, Hwa Soo;Seo, Hyun Jeong;Son, Dong Won;Han, Gyu-Seong
    • Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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    • v.44 no.4
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    • pp.589-599
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    • 2016
  • Korean wooden cultural heritages are treated by flame retardants to protect fire hazards. Two types of flame retardants are used to treat wooden cultural heritage. These flame retardants cause some problems such as surface whitening, discoloration, and cracks due to the chemical reaction caused by Korean traditional wood painting (Dancheong), flame retardant and wood humidity. The Korean government is trying to cut down on the amount of flame retardants for the wooden cultural heritage because of these problems. This study was carried out to find the cause of whitening by flame retardants treatment. The reaction between pigment and flame retardant chemicals was analyzed by infrared spectroscopy.

Pigment Analysis and Nondestructive Deterioration Diagnosis of the Wall Paintings in Gwanyongsayaksajeon (Yaksajeon Hall of Gwanyongsa Temple), Changnyeong, Korea (창녕 관룡사 약사전 벽화의 안료분석 및 비파괴 훼손도 진단)

  • Chun, Yu-Gun;Kim, Won-Kuk;Jo, Young-Hoon;Han, Doo-Roo;Kim, Sun-Duk;Lee, Chan-Hee
    • Journal of Conservation Science
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    • v.25 no.4
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    • pp.383-398
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    • 2009
  • We have investigated chemical properties of the pigments and carried out the deterioration diagnosis using nondestructive techniques of the wall painting in Yaksajeon Hall of Gwanyongsa Temple. As the results of pigments analysis, it was unusual that the cobalt was detected in the blue and green colors used to traditional paint background. According to the deterioration diagnosis, ultrasonic measurement and infrared thermography, dominant cracks and exfoliation caused by high content of moisture. Therefore, it should be devised effective plan to prevent penetration of water for the long term this wall painting.

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Anti-Corrosion Performance of the Novel Pigment, Ion-Exchanged Zeolite for the Protection of Galvanized Steel (아연도금강판의 방식을 위한 새로운 방청안료인 이온 교환된 제올라이트의 방청 성능)

  • Kim, Jung-Teag;Jeong, Ho-Su;Ryu, Sang-Su;Lee, Gun-Dae;Park, Jong-Myung
    • Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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    • v.49 no.6
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    • pp.745-751
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    • 2011
  • In this study, zinc or cerium exchanged zeolite was introduced to develop a novel anti-corrosion pigment. The primer paint was made using them and was coated on galvanized(GI) steel. The anti-corrosion performance was measured using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS). And scanning vibrating electrode technique(SVET) was employed to observe the cut-edge corrosion process of the coated GI steel. From EIS and SVET results, it could be confirmed that Ce ion-exchanged zeolite showed the anti-corrosion performance higher than Shieldex C303 and Zn ionexchanged zeolite. Finally, it was found that metal ion-exchanged zeolite may provide new possibility as the smart cathodic corrosion inhibitor delivery systems on galvanized steels.

Analysis of Paint Used for a Helicopter Operated in the Korean War through the History of Paint Application (페인트 도장의 역사를 통해 본 6·25전쟁 운용 헬기의 도료분석)

  • Kang Hyunsam;Jang Hanul;Choi Yangho
    • Conservation Science in Museum
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    • v.29
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    • pp.133-152
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    • 2023
  • This study references preceding studies to examine the history of paint application techniques using various paints in the past, with the aim to contribute to the long-term preservation of large military cultural heritage assets situated outdoors. To this end, the study compared the findings of preceding research with the findings of an analysis conducted on a H-13 helicopter housed at the War Memorial of Korea. Upon collecting and analyzing samples from three grounded WWII aircraft from above-ground by preceding studies, it was confirmed from each sample that the various chemical properties of chrome ensured the effectiveness of the protective coating. The compound was first tested as a corrosion-inhibiting pigment in the early 1940s and proved its excellent moisture-resistant properties over the course of 80 years, despite the deterioration of the paint layer and long-term exposure to the natural environment. For this reason, it has been widely used as a corrosion inhibitor for aluminum alloys in the aviation industry. In other word, the most widely-used material for preventing corrosion was an organic primer containing chromate. In this study, based on the paint analysis of a H-13 helicopter operated in the Korean War, it was shown that the second layer, consisting of the primer, contains chromium oxide (Cr2O3). In addition, it was estimated that red lead tetraoxide (Pb3O4) was used for the vehicle. Analysis results and data from previous studies can help to confirm the continued effectiveness of corrosion prevention function provided by chromate. Meanwhile, the result of infrared spectroscopy analysis confirmed the use of alkyd resin. In the future, comparisons with a more diverse range of artifacts will allow the identification of changes in the manufacturing technology of paints used to protect alloys from corrosion.

Comparison Study on the Material Characteristics of Oil Paints (I) (유화물감의 재질적 특성 비교 연구 (I))

  • Kim, Jung Heum;Park, Hye Sun;Lim, Sung Jin
    • Journal of Conservation Science
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    • v.33 no.2
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    • pp.85-95
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    • 2017
  • Oil paints are mixtures of pigments, drying oils and additives. In the past, oil paints were mainly composed of inorganic pigments. However, recently color matching techniques vary depending on manufacturers due to the development of various kinds of synthetic pigments. Despite this, most studies of oil paints in South Korea are about durability tests, and there is no comparative study on the characteristics of commercial oil paint components. This study aims to compare the properties of four different kinds of oil paints from four manufacturers, which are the most popularity used. Extender pigments in oil paint from C brand differed from that of other manufacturers and various kinds of coloring pigments were differently used depending on the oil paints and the manufacturers. The mixing ratios and the pigment types differed even for oil paints having the same product name. It is assumed that these differences could affect the colors. The result of this study is expected to contribute to the analysis of artworks through the accumulation of scientific data of oil paints. In addition, it can be utilized as a scientific basis for art history studies, including the characteristics of artists or production year.

Morphological Analysis of Engineered PCC by Gas-Liquid Mixing Conditions (기체-액체 혼합조건에 따른 Engineered PCC의 형태학적 분석)

  • Lee, Tai-Ju;Seo, Jin-Ho;Kim, Hyoung-Jin
    • Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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    • v.43 no.3
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    • pp.113-120
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    • 2011
  • Precipitated calcium carbonate(PCC), particularly calcite crystal, is extensively used as a pigment, filler or extender in various industries such as paper, paint, textile, detergents, adhesives, rubber and plastics, food, cosmetics, and biomaterials. PCC is conventionally produced through the gas-liquid carbonation process, which consists on bubbling gaseous $CO_2$ through a concentrated calcium hydroxide slurry. This study is aimed to find some factors for controlling the morphology of engineered PCC in lab-scaled mixing batch. The experimental designs were based on temperature variables, $Ca(OH)_2$ concentration, $CO_2$ flow rate, and electrical conductivity. The model of engineered PCC morphology was finally controlled by adjustment of electrical conductivity(6.0~7.0 mS/cm) and $Ca(OH)_2$ concentration(10 g/L). Orthorhombic calcite crystals were mostly created at high concentration and electrical conductivity conditions because the increased ratio of $Ca^{2+}$ and $CO{_3}^{2-}$ ions affects the growth rate of orthorhombic faces. Excess calcium spices were contributed to the growth of faces in calcium carbonate crystal, and the non-stoichiometric reaction was occurred between $Ca^{2+}$ and $CO{_3}^{2-}$ ions during carbonation process.

A study on the Red Painting of stone monuments (비석(碑石)에 칠해진 주사(朱砂)안료에 관한 연구)

  • Shin, Eun-Jung;Han, Min-Su;Kang, Dai-Il
    • Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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    • v.38
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    • pp.359-385
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    • 2005
  • Red ocher, red lead or cinnabar has been as red colorant for ages. Cinnabar of the red pigments has been highly regarded as a valuable ingredient because it represent a symbol of exorcising and a haute image. It was used as a pigment of painting and mural painting, bowl, clothes, rock writing, gravestone, etc. It is powder which dissolves in perilla oil or glue before using. Because it is high-priced, the use of cinnabar may be limited to the privileged class. Therefore, red ocher or red lead was used instead of cinnabar. "Gongsagyunmunrok" demonstrated that government official's gravestonea has been painted red by two colorants in the period of the Goryeo dynasty. However, cinnabar may be used to paint gravestones for the first time in the period of the Three States because it has been transmitted since the times. This study discuss the results obtained from an analysis of the pigments used on the red pigments of the Stone Monuments. The results can be briefly summarized as below; First, the microcrystalline structures seen on the surface section of analyzed pigments, samples of which were taken from various parts of red pigments show that different sizes and shapes of pigment particle. Second, a result of the analysis on the composition and structure of the pigments shows that the main components in their composition are : Red pigments - Red lead($Pb_3O_4$), Cinnabar(HgS) and Hematite($Fe_2O_3$) White pigments - Calcite($CaCO_3$) Especially, we knew that red Stone Monuments were found to be natural mineral pigments, which were used as a singular or a mixture.

A Study of the Personal Ornaments and Make-up of Maroccan (모로코인(人)의 장신구(裝身具)와 화장(化粧)에 관(關)한 연구(硏究))

  • Lee, Soon-Hong
    • Journal of Fashion Business
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    • v.5 no.2
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    • pp.15-34
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    • 2001
  • Ornaments are accessories for the decoration of the body or dress. They aren't unavoidably required one, but serve to make one's dress perfect as decorative industrial art objects. In Morocco, ornaments were initially used as a sign of social position or the class or an incantatory symbol. In effect, they were originally employed to adjust one's dress, not just for decoration, and they were of use for household economy. Gold, silver and handcraft available for exchange were a means of increasing one's property and an indication of social standing and wealth. In particular, the dress and jewelry of a bride was a measure of her family's wealth, regarded as a symbol of her chastity and value. The ornaments symbolically back up people's faith in supernatural power, and their real value is based on implicit form or way of decoration, not the external shape. Specifically, there is a tendency to use the form of animal as a protector, not one to frighten people. In the artistic tradition of Morocco, fish pattern stands for water and rain, and eagle and bird are considered to be related to fate. Scorpion and lizard are depicted as an inquirer of sun, and snake is a symbol of abundance and sexual instinct, being viewed to have an ability to cure disease. Turtle pattern is a symbol of saint because it protects one from the evil. The ornaments are made of gold, silver, amber, clam, garnet, glass, nielle, enamel, glaze, coral or tree, and symbolic patterns are used, including hand(a symbol of five numerals), turtle, lizard, scorpion, eye, triangle, bird and eggs. They are very big and diverse, being categorized into ornaments for the head or the chest, neckless, fibula, earring, bracelet and ring. For Moroccans, make-up is a sort of instinctive behavior to meet aesthetic and sexual desire. They also wear make-up for practical purpose of protection, intentionally inflict a wound on the skin for ceremonial or religious purpose, paint the skin with pigment, or have the part of the body tattooed for incantatory purpose. All this actions are regarded as make-up. The raw material of cosmetics is aker, a vegetable dye. They get the lips or cheeks turn red and paint eyebrows with yellow saffran powder to have a bad devil lose its strength. Tattooing is mainly done by women and viewed as a sign of their value or social organization they belong to. Sometimes that is used to represent a woman's being old enough to marry or getting married already or the frequency of marriage. Besides, tattoo is believed to prevent or remedy loose bowels or cough, depending on its location or pattern, and they often change tattoo according to the change of beauty art.

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Identification and Removal of Pigments in Blood-colored Grooves of Long Sword, Admiral Yi Sun-sin (Treasure No. 326) (보물 제326호 이순신 장검 혈조 내 안료의 규명 및 제거)

  • Kwon, Hyuk Nam;Youn, Hye Seong;Ryu, Dong Wan;Lee, Jeong Won;Lee, Jang Jon;Han, Min Soo
    • Journal of Conservation Science
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    • v.31 no.4
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    • pp.499-506
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    • 2015
  • The artifacts of Admiral Yi Sun-sin (Treasure No.326) consist of six items with two long swords, a jade decoration, a belt and two peach-shaped cups. In commemoration of the opening of Chungmugong Yi sun-sin Memorial Museum (April 28, 2011), there were conservation treatments for those artifacts at the beginning of 2011. At that time, from the result of non-destructive surface analysis on pigments in blood-colored grooves of the two long swords, it was presumed to be synthetic resin paints. This study shows the accurate identification on pigments which was presumed as synthetic resin paints and its removal. To identify pigments in blood-colored grooves, the optical microscope, scanning electron microscope, Micro-XRF, XRD and FT-IR were used for the analysis. The results turned out that the thickness of $10{\sim}90{\mu}m$ in a single layer was measured. And major components containing Pb and Cr and lead chromium molybdenum oxide were identified and to identify components of adhesives from the analysis by FT-IR, it turned out to be alkyd resin, which can be presumed that they were recently colored with synthetic paints. The synthetic paints easily react with most of the organic solvents. And it is so easy to handle without the effect on metal that it was removed with acetone. While removing synthetic paints, all of paints on it were collected for identifying whether there is traditional pigment but nothing was identified.