• Safety and Health at Work
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.57-65
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• 2021

Background: The objective of this study was to elucidate the relationships musculoskeletal pains with combined vulnerability in terms of age, gender, and employment status Methods: The fifth European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS) in 2010 (43,816 participants aged 15 years and over) analyzed for European employees and the third Korean Working Conditions Survey (KWCS) in 2011 (50,032 participants aged 15 years and older) analyzed for Korean employees. In this study, three well known vulnerable factors to musculoskeletal pains (older age, female gender, and precarious employment status) were combined and defined as combined vulnerability. Associations of musculoskeletal pains with combined vulnerability were assessed with prevalence ratios (PRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) estimated by Poisson regression models with robust estimates of variance. Results: The prevalences of musculoskeletal pains were lower but the absolute and relative differences between combined vulnerabilities were higher among Korean employees compared with the European employees. Furthermore, the increased risk of having musculoskeletal pains according to combined vulnerability was modestly explained by socioeconomic factors and exposure to ergonomic risk factors, especially in Republic of Korea. Conclusions: The results of this study showed that the labor market may be more unfavorable for female and elderly workers in Republic of Korea. Any prevention strategies to ward off musculoskeletal pains, therefore, should be found and implemented to mitigate or buffer against the most vulnerable work population, older, female, and precarious employment status, in Republic of Korea.

• The Journal of Korea CHUNA Manual Medicine
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.51-84
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• 2001

Objective : The therapeutic exercise on low back found In the literatures mostly have adopted methods that are applied to only certain muscles. The purpose of this paper to classify various low pains and to Investigate an active physical treatment can be applied to certain low back pain. Methods : By exploring the journals and medical publications. Results and Conclusions 1. A goal of low back exercise is reinforcement and extension of muscles in order to control pains. 2 Low back exercise which causes the movement of the spinal joint and disk can control pains. 3. Flexion exercise of lumbar spine can be generally applied to any low back pains except kyposis. 4. Extension exercise of lumbar spine can be applied to any low back pains except facet joint syndrome or hyperlordosis. 5. Rotation exercise of lumbar spine can be applied to any low back pains except facet joint syndrome. 6. Lateral bending exercise of lumbar spine can be applied to HNP. facet Joint syndrome, scoliosis.

• Korean Journal of Occupational Health Nursing
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.269-276
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• 2014

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate muscle pains of emotional laborers and determine whether there were differences in their muscle pains depending on the hours spent on emotional labor. Methods: This is a secondary analysis of the data collected from the 3rd (2011) Korean Working Conditions Survey. 50,032 participants responded to the study's questionnaire. Among them, 15,669 participants were emotional laborers who directly dealt with people such as customers, passengers, pupils, patients, etc. Results: Thirty three percent of subjects had reported muscle pains. Muscle pains of subjects were positively related to the hours spent on emotional labor (p<.001). According to the logistic regression analysis, the adjusted odd ratio of the subjects who spent about almost all of the work hours on emotional labor was 1.32 (95% CI: 1.15~1.52), compared to the subjects who spent about a quarter of their work hours on emotional labor, when other factors were controlled. Conclusion: The study's findings indicate that engaging in emotional labor for longer hours increases the risks of muscle pains. Occupational nurses must pay closer attention to the management of muscle pains of emotional laborers.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.265-276
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• 2004

The purpose of this study,was to find out health status, characteristics related to working conditions, occurrence of low back pain and its related factors among dental hygienists working in dental clinics, and, thus, to provide basic information necessary to set up some plans for preventing the occurrence of low back pains and improving working conditions for dental hygienists. The data were collected from 310 dental hygienists working at dental clinics in Pusan and Kyungnam area, including Masan, Changwon, Jinhae and Jinju, with a self-administered questionnaire and were analyzed finally for 295 records with SPSS for Windows(7.52K) program. The results were as follows : Working condition was considered to be fair by 562% of dental hygienists were thought to threaten their health in the dental clinics. About seventy percent of dental hygienists worked over ten hours a day and 72.8% were standing while working over 7 hours, 65% considered working hours too long. Health status was thought be more than average for 82.3% while more than half perceived certain degree of stress frequently. The rate of complaining low back pains among dental hygienists was 87.8% with pains more than medium level for 39.3%. The variables significantly related to the degree of low back pains were height, uncomfortable postures, type of working postures and the height of working table, while some variables including height, hours of working on the feet, the presence of hazardous work environment, uncomfortable postures, the presence of hazardous works, the amount of working hours, type of working postures and work-associated stresses, were significantly related to the number of symptoms for low back pains. Multiple regression analysis showed that occurrence of low back pains was significantly influenced by 5 factors such as subjective status of health, work-related stresses, the degree of perception to work environment, the degree of perception to the amount of working hours and age. In conclusion, it might be necessary to manage working conditions effectively by reducing working hours, making good postures while working and removing stressful conditions in order to reduce risk factors for the occurrence of low back pains among dental hygienists. Therefore good working postures, assignment of appropriate rest time and some programs for early detection, care and education of low back pains should be provided for the dental hygienists.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.87-99
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• 2000

A study was conducted in order to determine back pain experience status of elementary. junior and senior high school teachers and the factors affecting their knowledge of back pain and physical therapy from April 2 through June 30, 1999 in major big cities and small and medium towns. Questionnaires were sent to 924 teachers and the collected daa were analyzed. The results summarized are as follows ; 1. $46.3\%$ of the respondents had experienced back pain, and $47.0\%$ of females, $62.0\%$ of the people over 50years old, $57.4\%$ of junior high school teachers, $47.5%$ of teachers of art and physical education, $46.9\%$ of married persons, $47.8\%$ of the people living in medium or small towns, and $58.6\%$ of the persons whose economic status was low han experienced back pains, $58.9\%$ of respondents who were not healthy, and $49.3\%$ of those who did not drink alcohol, $47.9\%$ of nonsmokers, and $49.1\%$ of those who slept on ondol had experienced back pains. $76.7\%$ of the respondents got health information on back pains from health professionals. 2. An average level of the respondents en physical therapy was $14.95\pm8.32$ points out of 44 and it was 34 points when converted to 100. The knowledge levels of males,. elementary teachers, married persons, those teaching students far more than 20 hours a week, smokers, those who did not drink, those who exercised regularly, and those who had experienced back pains were higher than those in other groups. The knowledge level of those who had experienced back pain prevention education was $18.88\pm8.88$ points and the difference between those with experience and those without experience was statistically significant. The depression level of those who got 40 pome on back pains, and physical therapy was higher than other group(p<0.001). 3, Depression levels of teachers on back pains and physical therapy related knowledge was higher in those with back pains than those without back pains(p<0.01). 4. The factors affecting experience of back pains were back pain related age, economic status, health status, smoking, style of kitchen, sown of information on back pain, and back pain prevention education. (p<0.001), 5. The factors affecting the knowledge on physical therapy were general knowledge levels on back pains, position when tilling, and moving heavy stuffs, driving position, sources of information on back pain prevention, type of bed, age, and health status, and the explanation power of those factors was $45.2\%$.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.32-47
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• 2019

Objectives The purpose of this study is to investigate clinical studies on the effectiveness of Traditional Chinese Medicine treatment on growing pains in China, and to seek better methods to treat and study for growing pains in South Korea. Methods The clinical studies from the China Academic Journal (CAJ) in China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) that were published up to January 2019 were reviewed. The key word used were '生長痛', '發育期痛', '治療', '中?治療', '中藥'. Then, the literature were analyzed in regards to the treatment methods and results. Results Among the 35 searched studies, 1 randomized controlled trials, 16 case series, and 3 case reports were selected and analyzed. In most of the studies, the effectiveness of Traditional Chinese Medicine treatment on growing pains was significantly positive. The most commonly used herbs for oral administration were Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma (甘草), Achyranthis Bidentatae Radix (牛膝), Paeoniae Radix Alba (白芍藥), Dioscoreae Rhizoma (山藥), Angelicae Gigantis Radix (當歸), Astragali Radix (黃?), Atractylodis Rhizoma Alba (白朮), Poria Sclerotium (茯?) Rehmanniae Radix Preparata (熟地黃), Lycopodii Herba (伸筋草). Other treatment methods such as, external application of herb medicine, massage, acupuncture were also used to treat growing pains. Conclusion Based on the results of the clinical studies from China, the use of chinese medicine for treatment of growing pains has been shown to be effective. Additional clinical studies are needed to confirm these findings.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.75-88
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• 2014

The purpose of this research is to provide the indication on policy for the SME that are going through the Growing Pains by analyzing the cause of the Growing Pains and the effect that it causes to the company performance. By measured the extent of the growing pains in entrepreneurial companies, 8 of the 20 companies surveyed companies indicate that some very significant problems exist within the organization and the other 12 companies indicate some organizational problems require attention. As a result of correlation between company performance and Growing Pains that analyzed by using CAGR(Compound Annual Growth Rate), we have arrived at the conclusion that they are oppositely related. We have conducted the regression coefficient in order to analyze the factors that are affecting the Growing Pains and we have discovered that Leadership and work performance capability of CEO, Company's structure capability and Company's cultural strength have a meaningful relation out of 7 Factors that were used for regression coefficient. Only, CEO's work performance is analyzed to worsen the Growing Pains that, for enterprises at the certain growing stage it is needed to establish an administrative system instead of relying on CEO. Also CEO's strong leadership play which relate to administrative capacity, forming reasonable organizational structure, customer oriented mind and Company's culture that are developed with sense of responsibility reduce Growing Pains according to a research.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.65-68
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• 1998

The neuropathic pains are not well controlled by common analgesics and opioid drugs in terminal cancer patients. The types of these pains are divided within the two cages, one is due to continuous central sensitization and the other is due to paroxymal peripheral sensitization. The mechanism of continuous central sensitization is the activity of dorsal horn neurones that are activated by C-fiber input. The tricyclic antidepressants, non-tricyclic antidepressants, and oral local anaesthesia probably produce analgesic effects in neuropathic pains through suppression of this activity. The mechanism of paroxymal peripheral sensitization is the hyper-excitability of peripheral neurones. The neuropathic pains due to peripheral sensitization respond relatively the anticonvulsants and baclofen that stabilize membranes and suppress paroxymal electrical discharge. The patients was a 38-year-old female who complained of hyperthemia on upper right extremity. The symptom of this patient was improved with anticonvulsant(dilantin 600mg).

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.359-371
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• 2001

The purpose of this study is to find out the effectiveness of the therapeutic sports massage(TSM) applied to the patients with delayed onset muscle soreness(DOMS) by measuring, assessing and analyzing the changes in intensity and unpleasantness of muscle pains before and after TSM. In the therapeutic sports massage program, such methods as effleurage, petrissage and deep transverse friction were selected as traditional massage treatments frequently used for muscles with pain and spasm. Effleurage and petrissage were applied for 20 minutes in total before and after deep transverse friction treatment. After TSM, the McGill pain questionnaire word list(MPQWL), verbal rating scale(VRS), visual analogue scale(VAS) were used to measure the degree of the pain on the patients. The major findings from this study are as follows; 1. The surveyed patients range from 15 to 63 in age, with highest numbers of 18(37.50%) registered in the twenties and next ones of 14(29.17%) in the thirties. Divided by sex, 27 are men and 21 are women totalling 48 with average age of 25.7. 2. There was significant decrease in the numerical values of VAS & VRS and MPQWL immediately after TSM(p<.05). There was also significant decrease in the numerical values of MPQWL, VRS and VAS after the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th TSM(p<.05). 3. There was significant decrease in the intensity and unpleasantness of pains after TSM(p<.05). 4. From the analysis into chronological changes in the intensity and unpleasantness of pains before and after TSM with ANOVA, it became evident that the longer the period of treatment was, the higher the pains decreases drastically, while significant difference was shown in the intensity and unpleasantness of pains(p<.05). Summed up, it can be generally concluded that TSM is an effective treatment to rid the patients with DOMS of pains safely and promptly.

• Journal of East-West Nursing Research
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.160-169
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• 2007

Background: Hwa-Byung is known as a specific Korean cultural syndrome which corresponds to DSM-IV(MMPI). Some Korean women who have experienced heart aching anger(Hwa-Byung) complain physical pains as well as psychological problems. As for these physical pains, upper limb arthropathy(e.g. golf elbow pains, tennis elbow pains, or shoulder-joint pains) have not been paid attentions. In spite of not having done her excessive physical endeavor or exercise, some Korean middle aged women complain those arthropathy pains. And they go round orthopedics, pain clinics, and oriental medicine clinics. Purpose: This study was practiced in Severance Oriental Medicine Clinic. The oriental medicine doctor had a question about the major origin of upper limb pains which were not caused by excessive physical endeavor. To answer the question, this study has been practiced. In the process of interview with some those women, the major cause of those syndromes has been revealed as Hwa-Byung. The purpose of this study is to discover the meanings of the women's life who have been experienced Hwa-Byung with upper limb arthropathy. Results: These upper limb arthropathy can be explained by meridian theory. Shoulder-joint pain and golf elbow with Hwabyung can be explained by Heart meridian of hand-shoyin and the points of these pains are in the flow of this meridian. Tennis elbow with Hwabyung can be explained by Small intestine meridian of hand-taiyang and this point is in the flow of this meridian. The results of interview with 9 middle aged women was analyzed and interpreted according to Spradley's method of ethnography. The analysis revealed three core cultural themes : 1) There are certainly external cause to provoke Hwa-Byung. A patricentric family system, husband's playing around with another woman, cruel treatment by husband's family, or financial failure may be present anteriorly. 2) The chief existing condition is the discord between husband and wife. The stoppage of mutual communication, lacking in understanding, unfeeling, heartless, or unsympathetic is an major phenomenon of married life. So the important factor is not the sexual relations or problems but the discords of communication. 3) The feeling of anger, the sense of nihility, the desire to escape, and the effort to forgiveness coexist together. At a glance, they seemed to be a process. For example, anger seemed to present at first, then nihility seemed at second, then escape seemed at third, and then forgiveness seemed at last. But at point of visiting clinic to be treated, they are mixed up together as if in a jumble.