• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.19-27
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• 2022

Background: Myofascial pain dysfunction syndrome (MPDS) is the most common type of temporomandibular disorder. This study compared the efficacies of low-level diode laser therapy (LLLT) and laser acupuncture therapy (LAT) in the treatment of MPDS. Methods: This double-blind randomized controlled clinical trial included 24 patients with MPDS who were randomly divided into two equally sized groups. Patients in the LLLT group received 12 sessions of low-level diode laser irradiation applied to the trigger points of the masticatory muscles during 1 month. The same protocol was also used in the LAT group according to the specific trigger points. We measured pain intensity and maximum mouth opening in both groups at baseline, during treatment, and 2 months after treatment completion. Results: The pain intensities decreased from 6.58±1.31 to 0.33±0.65 and from 7.08 ± 1.37 to 0 in the LLLT and LAT groups, respectively. The maximum mouth openings increased from 32.25 ± 8.78 mm to 42.58 ± 4.75 mm and from 33 ± 6.57 mm to 45.67 ± 3.86 mm in the LLLT and LAT groups, respectively. Pain intensity (P = 0.839) and level of maximum mouth opening (P = 0.790) did not differ significantly between the groups. Conclusion: Our results showed similar efficacy between LLLT and LAT in the treatment of MPDS signs and symptoms.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.299-316
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• 1996

This study is the descriptive survey to provide basic data for nursing intervention to pain management of cancer patients by finding more effective way to manage pain with recognize pain level and pain characteristics. To achieve the purpose of this study, the subjects of this study are 110 male or female gastro intestinal tract patients who are older than twenty, are hospitalized in Pusan University Hospital from 1995. 5. 28 to 1995. 9. 25 and have had medical treatment. The modified pain assessment of cancer patients of Cornne, H. Rosermary, M. was used as the tool of study with 16 questionaries. The pain score consists of sensory intensity score and distress score. The data was analyzed by the SPSS statistical program number, percentage, mean, standard deviation, t-test, One Way Anova and Duncan's Multiple Range Test were utilized for analysis. The results were summarized as follows : 1. In population-sociological characteristics : in the age-range of subject, the sixties are most as 32.7% and the subjects after the forties are 89.5%, in sex of subjects, male patients are 66.4% and female 33.6%, in the number of family, the subjects who has 4 or above families are 70% and the subjects who live with their spouse, sons and daughters are 54.5% 2. In the disease characteristics : stomach cancer patients were most as 39.1%. And the most of patient who had never been operated before. In time of pain, the most of subjects were intermittent. In the type of pain, the most of subjects were 'dully pain' as 31.8%. Metastatic subjects were 30.0%. In the origin of pain, nervous pressure was 50.8%. The number of complication was 46 and most of complication are obstruction as 6%. 3. In the pain level, 91subjects complained pain. And mean pain score was $287.1{\pm}116.1$ The mean pain score of female subjects was higher than that of male subjects. 4. In the pain characteristics, the pain began usually at meal time as 40.7%. The duration of pain was mostly from 1 month to 3 months as 57.1%. The appetite was mainly concerned with the pain as 31.8%. The etiology of pain was usually tumor as 69.3%. The meaning of pain was incurable disease as 14.5%, anxiety, death and suffering. 5. The 56(61%) of 91subjects were treated with Analgesic pain management. The kinds of Analgesic is usually valentac as 46.4%. The medication was usually intramuscle as 66.1% at whenever necessary, Response of Analgesic after Medication was usually 'moderate release'. The side effects of medication were nausea as 26.8%. The average amount of morphine dosage hospitalized to cancer patients with pain was 80mg in a day and metastatic cancer patients with pain was 101.9mg in a day. 6. In the relation between the disease characteristics and pain level, there is a significant statistical difference : whether subjects had been operated or not : (t=2.88, p=0.005), time of pain is(t=3.34, p=0.005), stage of metastatic(F=9.323, P=0.0002), and type of pain(F=4.013, p=0.0008). In the pain level of diagnosis, Colon cancer was $353.3{\pm}81.7$(F=2.34, p=0.049), the origin of pain, nerve pressure $316.3{\pm}98.5$(F=2.44, P=0.045), In the complication, ascites and obstruction $324.9{\pm}96.8$(T=2.60, P=0.04).

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.184-193
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• 2016

Purpose: The aims of the current study were to evaluate the effects of superficial cold and heat after spine surgery on pain, satisfaction with pain control and comfort level, and to identify subjective responses and adverse effects. Methods: A prospective, single-blind, randomized controlled trial was utilized. The intervention group (n=36) received superficial cooling until the wound drain was removed and thereafter followed by superficial heating until discharge, while the control group (n=34) received only superficial cooling until wound drain was removed. Data were collected from August 4 to November 11 2014. Results: There was significant difference in pain according to time within groups (F=71.87, p<.001). However, we found no difference in pain between groups. The intervention group reported higher patient satisfaction with pain control (4 vs 3, z=-2.83, p=.005) and higher comfort level (5 vs 4, z=-4.12, p<.001) than the control group. Conclusion: Results indicate that sequential application of superficial cold and heat is a useful method in clinical practice for management of pain after spine surgery.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.36-44
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• 2003

Objective: We have various ways in evaluating the level of low back pain as sequelae, general approaches such as neurologic examination, MRI, Radiologic examination and evaluating the effect of psychological stress on the low back pain. Besides We can find another approach to evaluating the sequale of low back pain in TA patients. So, I intend to analyze how much relationship the patients that got low back pain by TA have with Roland Morris Disability Scale(RMS) in 2 months after discharge. Methods: In this article, I will compare two results of TA inpatients and non-TA inpatients, which obtained with the RMS. This study was carried out about 22 TA patients and 18 non-TA patients, who had low back pain and were hospitalized between March 2002 and July 2002. Results & conclusions : 1. RMS point is related with the post-discharge term to a point of time of answering the questionnaire in both TA patients and non-TA patients. 2. In distribution of RMS point, Gr II take most possesion as 41% in TA patients while Gr I take most possesion as 56% in non-TA patients. 3. In distribution of RMS point, patients that correspond to more than Gr III take 27% in TA patients, 16% in non-TA patients. 4. TA patients show higher level of distribution than non-TA patients in RMS point in verifying them by mean value and T-test. 5. Degree of pain score change(${\Delta}$P.S), using mean value and T-test, showed lower level of distribution in TA patients than non-TA patients. 6. We can see that TA patients have more restriction in their life for low back pain.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.90-97
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• 2018

Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the analgesic effect of a single application of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on spontaneous pain and pain on chewing after placement of initial archwires. Methods: Forty-two patients (26 women, 16 men) were randomly recruited for this split-mouth randomized clinical trial. Each patient received super-elastic nickel-titanium (NiTi) initial archwires (0.012, 0.014, 0.016, and 0.018-inch [in]) in the maxilla for leveling and alignment for an interval of 4 weeks between archwires. One side of the mouth was randomly designated as experimental, while the other side served as placebo. After insertion of each archwire, the experimental side was irradiated with a diode laser for 3 seconds each on 5 points facially and palatally per tooth, from the central incisor to first molar. On the placebo side, the laser device was held the same way but without laser application. A numerical rating scale was used to assess the intensity of spontaneous and masticatory pain for the following 7 days. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare pain scores between sides. Results: Patients in the LLLT group exhibited significantly lower mean scores for spontaneous pain after insertion of the initial two archwires (0.012-in and 0.014-in NiTi; p < 0.05), while there was no significant difference for 0.016-in and 0.018-in wires between the LLLT and placebo groups. LLLT significantly reduced chewing pain scores (p < 0.05) for all archwires. Conclusions: A single dose of LLLT considerably lessened postoperative pain accompanying the placement of super-elastic NiTi wires for initial alignment and leveling.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.145-154
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• 1989

Pain is a common and important clinical symptom, and treatments aimed at relieving pain have a central position in medical practice. Recently Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) has been effectively used to control acute and chronic conditions that produce pain. But the mechanism of analgesia resulting from TENS remains obscure. In order to investigate the analgesic effect of TENS and it's action mechanism, TENS was applied in 40 rabbits with different frequencies, low frequency (2Hz) and high frequency (100Hz), for 20 minutes. And the pain threshold was measured by the temperature before and after stimulation, and an attempt was made to antagonize the stimulation effect with naloxone pretreatment (0.4 mg/kg) The results are as follows: 1) Both low frequency and high frequency TENS resulted in increasing the pain threshold significantly (Both p<0.01). 2) Naloxone pretreatment could antagonize the effect of increasing the pain threshold with low frequency TENS significantly (p<0.01), but not with high frequency TENS. Plasma beta-endorphin was measured by radioimmunoassay using an Beta-Endorphin Kit (Immunonuclear Corporation, Stillwater, Minnesota, USA) and Automatic Gamma Scintillation Counter (Micromedic System 4/2000) before and after stimulation. An attempt was made to reverse the stimulation effect with naloxone pretreatment (0.4 mg/kg). The results are as follows: 1) Low frequency TENS resulted in increasing the level of plasma beta.endorphin significantly (p<0.01), but high frequency TENS did not. 2) Naloxone pretreatment could reverse the effect of increasing the plasma beta-endorphin level with low frequency TENS significantly (p<0.01).

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.326-334
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• 2020

Background: In this study, we sought to evaluate whether systemic propentofylline (PPF) has antiallodynic effects in a rat model of postoperative pain, and to assess the mechanism involved. Methods: After plantar incision, rats were intraperitoneally injected with various doses of PPF to evaluate its antiallodynic effect. To investigate the involved mechanism, rats were intraperitoneally injected with yohimbine, dexmedetomidine, prazosin, naloxone, atropine or mecamylamine, following the incision of the rat hind paws, and then PPF was administered intraperitoneally. The mechanical withdrawal threshold (MWT) was evaluated using von Frey filaments at various time points and serum levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 were measured to determine the inflammatory response level. Results: MWT was significantly increased after intraperitoneal injection of 30 mg/kg of PPF when compared with the control group. Injection of PPF and yohimbine, atropine or mecamylamine showed significant decreases in the MWT, while injection of PPF and dexmedetomidine showed a significant increase. Systemic administration of PPF inhibited the post-incisional increase in serum level of TNF-α and IL-1β. Conclusions: Systemic administration of PPF following surgery presented antiallodynic effects in a rat model of postoperative pain. The antiallodynic effects against mechanical allodynia could be mediated by α-adrenergic and cholinergic receptors.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.16-17
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• 2003

Objectives : This study was designed to evaluate effects of 'Soyeum' on cancer patients accompanied by pain. Materials and Methods : We retrospectively analyzed the medical records of 9 patients accompanied by pain who had been injected with 'Soyeum' for over 14 days continuously in East-West Cancer Center of Oriental Hospital of Daejeon University from June 2002 through august 2002. Results : The statistical significance between the pre-treatment and post-treatment results (Changes of Cytokine Level, QOL, BPQ and Pain relief after pain management) were analyzed. Analysis of cytokines (IL-12, IFN- ) level showed that the percentage of increase of lL-12 is $60\%$, IFN- is $60\%$. Analysis of QOL showed that the percentage of maintenance and improvement is $77.8\%$. $55.5\%$ of the patients reported a 'worst pain' intensity score of 3 or greater, $44.5\%$ reported a 'least pain' intensity score of 2 or greater, and $66.7\%$ reported 'average pain' intensity score of 2 or greater. $33.3\%$ of the patients were in pain at the time of interview and $22.2\%$ had a current intensity score of 2 or greater. Analysis of pain relief after pain management showed that the percentage of pain relief score of 2 and 3 is $55.6\%$. The data was expressed as Mean SE by using descriptive statistics. Statistical significance examined by using paired t-test. Conclusions : It is suggested that 'Soyeum' has effects on pain of cancer patients, also expected that 'Soyeum' is useful to improve immunoactivity and for cancer patients

• The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.115-123
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• 2006

Purpose: This study is purposed to provide basic data needed in constructing the educational contents about cancer pain management for the health care professionals. Methods: This study surveyed the degree of knowledge in cancer pain management of clinical nurses and doctors. Subjects were clinical 143 nurses and 88 doctors in 3 cities. The tool used are 32-item scale for evaluation of health care professionals' knowledge modified by Kim(1997), which was originally developed by McCaffery and Ferrel(1995). Results: The level of the health care professionals' knowledge about and attitude toward pain management were insufficient. The level of the doctors' knowledge and attitude showed higher score than those of the nurses'. The knowledge of health professional who were not hesitated to administrate analgesia was showed more higher than who were hesitated to do. Conclusion: Nurses need more knowledge and effective attitude toward cancer pain management. Various and sufficient educational program about cancer pain management can be contribute to improve the nursing quality of cancer pain.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.136-140
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• 2016

Myofascial pain syndrome (MPS) is one of the common musculoskeletal conditions of the shoulder which may develop sensory-motor and autonomic dysfunctions at the various level of the neuromuscular system. The pain and dysfunction caused by MPS were primarily treated with physical therapy and pharmacological agents in order to achieve painfree movements. However, in recent years intramuscular electrical stimulation (IMES) with conventional electrode placement was used by researchers to maximise therapeutic values. But, in this study an inverse electrode placement was used to deliver electrical impulses intramuscularly to achieve neuro-modulation at the various level of the nervous system. Nine patients with MPS were treated with intramuscular electrode stimulation using inversely placed electrodes for a period of three weeks. All nine subjects recovered from their shoulder pain and disability within the few weeks of intervention. So, this inverse electrode placement may be more appropriate for chronic pain management.