• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.533-542
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• 2006

Purpose: The purposes of this study were to investigate medical records and to develop care records for management of patients with chest pain in the emergency department. Method: Retrospective review of the 42 medical chart of patients presented to the emergency department with chest pain were used. The collected data were analyzed with a frequency of items in the medical records. Results: In a frequency analysis of recorded items for doctors' chest pain assessment during history taking, the history/risk factors was the highest rank. The following ranks were 'commenced with when/timing, extra symptoms, place, nature, stay/radiate, alleviate/aggravate, intensity' in sequence. In a frequency of recorded items in nurse's progress notes according to nursing actions, the 'checking/monitoring' was the highest rank. The following ranks were 'performing, administering/injecting, referring/arranging, testing, preparing/catheterizing, teaching/informing' in sequence. Chest pain care records for the emergency department was designed, based upon data analysis and literature review. Conclusion: The designed records can be a rapid and effective approach tool for assessment and recording of patients with chest pain. Further research is necessary for evaluating the designed chest pain care records.

• Journal of muscle and joint health
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.104-111
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• 2018

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the mediating effect of fatigue on the relationship between pain and sleep disturbance in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Methods: The subjects of this study were 109 patients with ankylosing spondylitis who visited the rheumatology department in a university hospital. Subjects completed structured questionnaires measuring pain, sleep disturbance, and fatigue. Data were analyzed using t-test, Pearson's correlation coefficients, and 3-step regression analysis. Results: Pain was positively correlated with fatigue (r=.60, p<.001) and sleep disturbance (r=.45, p<.001). Fatigue was positively correlated with sleep disturbance (r=.55, p<.001) and had a mediating effect on the relationship between pain and sleep disturbance. Conclusion: The findings confirm that pain in patients with ankylosing spondylitis affects fatigue and its accumulation has a mediating effect on increasing the level of sleep disturbance. In clinical practice, education on symptom management for patients with ankylosing spondylitis needs to be provided for encouraging proper exercise and rest. Patient education should also include strategies to reduce fatigue and promote sleep in daily lives in addition to pain management.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.129-134
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• 2005

Purpose: This study was purposed to survey pain, efficacy, and comfort during the first stage of labor and to identify correlations among them. Method: The subjects were 116 laboring women who were admitted to a baby-friendly hospital recommended by UNICEF for breast feeding. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire composed of labor pain, labor efficacy, and labor comfort with 10 cm visual analog scale respectively. The data were analyzed by frequency, Pearson's correlation, and ANOVA. Result: Labor pain, labor efficacy, and labor comfort in latent phase were positive correlation with them in active phase. The more pain, the less labor efficacy and the less comfort in latent phase. and the more pain, the less comfort in active phase. Labor efficacy was positively correlated with labor comfort in both phase. Lastly, women supported by their husbands had significantly higher labor pain than women supported by their mothers. Conclusion: The results suggest that nurses develop a labor efficacy program for pregnant women and their mothers or spouses.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.63-70
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• 2011

Purpose: This study was done to examine the effects of aroma inhalation therapy on pain post tonsillectomy. Method: A non-equivalent control group pre- and post-test design was used. The research instruments used in this study were a pain perception measurement and vital signs (systolic & diastolic blood pressure and pulse rate levels). Twenty-five patients in the experimental group went through aroma inhalation therapy for ten minutes after the tonsillectomy. The aroma inhalation therapy used was a blended oil, a mixture of Lavender and Loman chamomile in the ratio of 2:1. The 25 patients in the control group did not receive the therapy. Before and after the experiment, both groups were tested for pain (pain perception and vital signs). Collected data were processed with the SPSS WIN. Ver. 14.0 program and analyzed using frequencies, percentages, ${\chi}^2$-test, Fisher's exact test, t-test and ANCOVA. Results: Pain perception of patients was not significantly reduced. However systolic and diastolic blood pressure and pulse rate were significantly reduced. Conclusion: The results of the study indicate that aroma inhalation is a partially effective nursing intervention to reduce the post-operative tonsillectomy pain.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.402-411
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• 2009

Purpose: This study was done to examine differences in chronic pain, pain coping, and depression according to attributions of somatic symptoms among the elderly. Method: Data were collected by self-report questionnaires from 195 persons age 65 or over. Descriptive statistics, ANOVA, and Scheffe's test were used to analyze the data. Results: There were statistically significant differences in chronic pain among the elders according to educational level and duration of pain, and in passive coping according to gender, physical function and duration of pain. There were statistically significant differences among the elders in active coping according to amount of spending money, in depression according to age, educational level, amount of spending money, and physical function. There also were statistically significant differences in chronic pain, pain coping, and depression according to attributions of somatic symptoms. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that elders who have somatic attributions are incline to complain more severe chronic pain, to cope passively, and to manifest more severe depression than elders who have normalizing attributions. Continuous research is needed to improve effective nursing interventions for attributions of somatic symptoms among elders.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.150-156
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• 2014

Purpose: This study was intended to measure the knowledge and attitudes of nurses working in a psychiatric ward regarding the subject of pain. Methods: In this descriptive study, data were collected in psychiatric wards(or hospitals) located in the Kyungnam and Kyungpook area from December 2013 to January 2014, using a modified version of the McCaffrey and Pasero Clinical Manual Survey Regarding Pain. The content of the survey follows a logical progression from common pain management problems through mechanisms of pain, assessment and pharmacology. Results: The average score of knowledge regarding pain was roughly $21.59{\pm}2.93$ among the 181 participants. The nurses selected Tylenol as the preferred choice (81.2%). Seventy-one percent of respondents didn't use Pain Intensity Instruments during the pain assessment. The subjects preferred the Numerical Rating Scale rather than Visual Analogue Scales. Pharmacology questions were the least likely to be answered correctly. No specific correlations were found between score and demographic variables of age and experience. No specific correlation between score and educational level was noted. Conclusion: Nurses require ongoing education on pain management, particularly regarding pharmaceutical agents.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.244-253
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• 2003

Purpose: This study was done for the purpose of testing the effects of hand moxibustion on pain in the knee joint, range of motion of the knee, and discomfort during ADL in elderly persons with knee joint pain. Method: Nonequivalent control group pre-post test research design was used. The participants were 35 elders who had knee joint pain. Sixteen were assigned to the experimental group and 19 to the control group. The instruments used for this study were the CRS (Graphic rating scale) for knee joint pain, goniometer for knee joint ROM, and modified ADL questionnaire developed by Lee. Analysis of data was done by percents, means and standard deviation, $x^2$-test, t-test, and ANCOVA using SPSS WIN 10.0. Result: The pain score for the right knee joint after hand moxibustion was significantly different between the experimental group and the control group after hand moxibustion (p=.035). The pain score for the left knee joint was not significantly different between the experimental group and the control group after hand moxibustion (p=.075). Right and left knee ROM scores were significantly different between the experimental group and the control group after hand moxibustion (Right p=.000, Left p=.034). Discomfort of ADL score was not significantly different between the experimental group and the control group after hand moxibustion (p=.053). Conclusion: In summary, knee joint pain in elders after hand moxibustion decreased and knee ROM in elders after hand moxibustion increased. So it would be useful for nurses to provide hand moxibustion as an alternative therapy to elders with knee joint pain in the community and thus reduce joint pain and increase knee ROM.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.184-193
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• 2016

Purpose: The aims of the current study were to evaluate the effects of superficial cold and heat after spine surgery on pain, satisfaction with pain control and comfort level, and to identify subjective responses and adverse effects. Methods: A prospective, single-blind, randomized controlled trial was utilized. The intervention group (n=36) received superficial cooling until the wound drain was removed and thereafter followed by superficial heating until discharge, while the control group (n=34) received only superficial cooling until wound drain was removed. Data were collected from August 4 to November 11 2014. Results: There was significant difference in pain according to time within groups (F=71.87, p<.001). However, we found no difference in pain between groups. The intervention group reported higher patient satisfaction with pain control (4 vs 3, z=-2.83, p=.005) and higher comfort level (5 vs 4, z=-4.12, p<.001) than the control group. Conclusion: Results indicate that sequential application of superficial cold and heat is a useful method in clinical practice for management of pain after spine surgery.

• Journal of Korean Clinical Nursing Research
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.245-254
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• 2013

Purpose: This study was done to examine predictive validity of Critical Care Non-verbal Pain Scale (CNPS) and develop criteria for pain assessment using CNPS with critically ill patients who have communication problems. Methods: Data were collected from intensive care units at three major general hospitals in Seoul and Kyunggi province. During each observation, a nurse assessed pain severity using CNPS ratings (range 0-9) at four treatment stages: at rest, during central catheter dressing change (nonpainful procedure), position change and suctioning (routine painful procedures). Patients also assessed their pain using a self-report 4-point VRS-4. Results: There were significant differences between the four treatment stages except between "at rest" and "nonpainful procedure". Strong correlations were found between CNPS and VRS-4 for "at rest" (r=.552, p<.001), central catheter dressing change (r=.505, p<.001), position change (r=.709, p<.001), and suctioning (r=.662, p<.001). ROC curve analysis of CNPS based on 3 point on VRS-4 showed the cutoff point was 3 for CNPS, the starting point for pain management with 73% sensitivity, 92.2% specificity, 73% positive predictive value, and 92.8% negative predictive value. Conclusion: Results indicate that CNPS is a valid tool for measuring pain in critically ill patients with communication problems and 3 point should be the standardized pain treatment point.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.123-135
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• 2001

The purpose of this study is to analyze the structural pattern of nurses' pain management with patients who experience pain. As a research method, the Q methodology, which is useful for an objective view of a highly abstract concept, was applied. The data collecting activity of this study was from August, 21st, 2000 to November, 24th 2000. The Q-population, the previous thesis and a literature review were done. Questions about pain management by the nurse on the patients, caregivers, nursing students, doctors, nurses, and others were asked in documentary work and in-depth interviews. In all, 223 units of the Q-population were formed, and the last 35 units of the Q-population were extracted. The data on the P-sample was collected from 41 nurses who worked in the medical and surgical units of a hospital that belonges to C university in Seoul. The research results were constituted in 3 types. Type I was the 'pattern of judging by objectivity'. The statement on which most of the people highly agreed for those patterns was shown by 'If patients said that they are suffering from pain, we sufficiently performed an assessment about the etiology, location, duration and degree'. For type I, the same pain was found in different locations according to the patients, so the etiology of the pain should be identified first place. Since ways of coping are different according to pain etiology, it was thought that it is important to assess sufficiently the pain etiology, location, duration, and degree. Therefore, when patients complain of pain, the pain etiology should be identified and assessed; according to the result, pain management should be performed systematically. Type II was the 'pattern of accepting by subjectivity'. The statement on which most of the people highly agreed for those patterns was shown as 'If patients said that they are suffering from pain, the medical treatment should be performed rapidly and speedily.' For type II, when the patient complains of pain, treatment should be performed quickly in order to prevent the condition getting worse, and it is thought that activity is a reasonable duty. Further, by trying to show empathy after pain is admitted and by understanding and coping rapidly with the pain of patients, an attitude which matched the altruistic morals of nurses is being shown. Type III was the 'pattern of worrying about', and the statement on which most of the people highly agreed for those patterns was shown is 'When there is a pain, to help patients to tolerate the pain to the highest degree.' In type III, the pain is a subjective expression, so there is a difference according to every individual. Therefore, actually if there is no measurement of pain, it could be exaggerated so nurses should help patients to tolerate it to the utmost. Even if there is a way to remove pain without an analgesic drug, nurses were reluctant to perform pain management as they possibly could. Through these research results, pain management of nurses was classified in 3 types, and structural characteristics in each type were discovered. Based upon the characteristics according to the type, an individualized pain management intervention strategy should be established and the follow up work performed.